THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

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IL

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THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

638.06
IL

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TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Illinois State Beekeepers'

Association

^

Organized February 26, 1891, at
Springfield, Illinois

r"

Compiled by

M. G. DADANT,

Hamilton, Illinois

[Printed by authority of the State of Illinois.]

ILLINOIS Statb Joubnal Co.

Sphingpieij>, Illinois

19 23

85581 — IM

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

X.

Office of the Secretaey.
Hamilton^ Illinois, March 15„ 1923.
To His Excellency, Len Small, Governor of the State of Illinois.
-Z Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, - the Twenty-second

^ Annual Seport of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.
'^ M. G. Dadant^ Secretary.

«fc_-

c5

OFFICERS OF ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

FOR 1923.

Dr. Albert C. Baxter
A. L. KiLDOW
c. h. eobinson
Frank Bishop
C. H. Wiley
j. e. wooldridge
Samuel Cushman
M. G. Dadant
George Seastream

Springfield.

Putnam.

Normal.

Taylorville.

Harrisburg.

2021 W. 70th St., Cliicago.

6 East Lake St., Cliicago.

Hamilton.

President

Inspector of Apiaries

Vice President

Vice President

Vice President

Vice President

Vice President

Secretary

Treasurer

Pawnee.
List of members in back of report. Also index.

534135

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Illinois State Beekeepers' Association

For 1922

<5>

LIST OF ASSOCIATIONS FOR BEEKEEPING IN THE STATE
OF ILLINOIS WITH THEIR OFHCERS.

Coles County Beekeepers' Association.
Charles Wallace^ Secretary, Charleston.

Cook County Beekeepers' Association.

Samuel Cushman, President, 6 E. Lake St., Chicago.

A. G. Gill, Secretary, 230 W. Huron St., Chicago.

Hancock County Beekeepers' Association.

E. J. Baxter, President, Nauvoo.
J. H. Lloyd, Secretary, Carthage.

Henry County Beekebpers' Association.

Elmer Kommer, President, Woodhull.

H. H. Wilson, Secretary, Geneseo.

Illinois and Indiana Beekeepers' Association.

Mr. Voigt, President, Danville.
C. 0. Herron, Secretary, Eoute N"o. 8, Danville.

Illinois Valley •Beekeepers' Association.
B. F. Bell, President, Kingston Mines.

F. E. IsENBERG, Secretary, Pekin.

CHICAGO-NORTHWEeTERN BeEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

G. H. Calei, President, Hamilton.

J. Frank Haan, Secretary, DesPlaines.

Saline County Beekbeperb' Association.

C. H. Wiley, President, Harrisburg.

Everett Weaver, Secretary, Harrisburg.

Crawford County Beekeepers' Association.
Herman McConnell, Secretary, Eobinson.

SouTiiEiRN Illinois Beekeepers' Association.
J. E. Wooldridge, President, 2021 W. 70th St., Chicago.

Macon County Beekeepers' Association.
I. C. Evans, President, 1060 W. Marietta, Decatur.

McLean County Beekeepers' Association.

Dr. H. B. Henline, President, Bloomington.

W. B. Brigham, Secretary, Bloomington.

Pope County Beekeepers' Association.

W. M. Parkinson, President, Golconda.

Miss Minnie Michel, Secretary, Golconda.

Christian County Beekeepers' Association.

Frank Bishop, President, Taylorville.

W. H. Stumm, Secretary, Edinburg.

Pulaski County Beekeepers' x\ssociation.

Wayne Lingenfelteir, President, Ullin.

L. E. LiNGBNFELTER, Secretary, Ullin,

FATHER LANGSTROTH, ,
1810—1895
Inventor of the Movable Frame Hive.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING STATE BEEKEEPERS'
ASSOCIATION DECEMBER, 1922.

The Annual Meeting of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association
was held at the St. Nicholas Hotel in Springfield, 111., December 6 and
7, 1922; President Baxter presiding. Minutes of the 1921 meeting were
read and approved. Auditing Committee composed of C. F. Bender,
W. H. H. Stewart and Elmer Kommer was appointed. Eesolutioii
Committee was appointed composed of J. E. Wooldridge, W. H. Wil-
liams and Frank Bishop,

Papers were read or lectures given by the following : Allen Latham,
E. R. Eoot, E. W. Atkins, C. 0. Yost, C. P. Dadant, W. B. Brigham,
J. E. Wooldridge, A. G. Gill, Geo. E. King and Elmer Kommer.

Eeport of the State Inspector of Apiaries, Kildow, was read and
ordered filed.

Election of officers resulted in the following being selected: Dr.
A. C. Baxter, Springfield, President; C. H. Eobinson, JSTormal, First
Vice President; Frank Bishop, Taylorville, Second Vice President; C.
H. Wiley, Harrisburg, Third Vice President; J. E. Wooldridge, Chicago,
Fourth Vice President; Samuel Cushman, Chicago, Fifth Vice Presi-
dent; M. G. Dadant, Hamilton, Secretary; Geo. Seastream, Pawnee,
Treasurer.

Eesolutions were filed by the Chicago-Northwestern Association as
follows :

Resolved, The Chicago-Northwestern Beekeepers' Association hereby
ask the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association in convention at Springfield,
111., December 6-7, 1922, to pass a resolution which shall be presented to
members of the Illinois State Legislature asking said Legislature to make
laws and to appropriate funds that will enable Illinois to carry out a system
of bee inspection like that now proving so successful in Indiana.

Resolx>ecL, The Chicago-Northwestern Beekeepers' Association in conven-
tion assembled respectfully request the Illinois State Legislature to appro-
priate a sufiBcient amount to adequately carry out a rational system of bee in-
spection in Illinois.

Eeport of the Auditing Committee was presented finding correct
reports of Secretary and Treasurer for the past year showing balance in
the treasury as of December 1, 1922 of $73.64 and recommending the
acceptance of these reports. On motion and second the reports were
accepted.

The following resolutions were presented by the committee and on

motion and second were adopted.

1. Be it Resolved, That our worthy President prepare an article setting
forth the merits of honey from a medical standpoint and its desirability and
offer for publication and all other means of distribution.

2. Resolved, That we express our regret on the death of two of our
members, Mr. W. H. Hyde, of New Canton, J. C. Wheeler, of Oak Park, and

12 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

resolved, that the sympathies of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association
be extended to their families in their loss.

3. Resolved. That we express our thanks to Mr. Root, Mr. Latham,
Mr. Yost and Mr. Atkins and others for their attendance at this convention
and for the very valuable information and help which they have given us.

4. The Illinois State Beekeepers' Association in convention in Spring-
field, 111., December 6-7, 1922, realize the unpleasant fact that American
foulbrood, a most deadly disease, among honey bees, is widely spreal
throughout our State and unless ample aid be given by the State in the way
of appropriation and amendments to the present Illinois bee laws, the bee-
keeping industry of our State is in serious danger of being annihilated, thus
bringing about a loss to the State of an appalling sum of money. We call
attention to Indiana, our sister state, whose location is no more favorable
to the beekeeping industry than that of Illinois, yet it is far ahead of us as
a honey producing state and is increasing rapidly. Records show, that In-
diana a few years ago, was as badly infected or more so, with foulbrood as is
Illinois today but sufficient funds were appropriated and such bee laws made
by the Indiana Legislature as enabled it to employ a state bee inspector by
the year straight tim.e and under this inspector six or seven deputies work-
ing four to six months straight time. The results obtained proved to be
very marked. Government reports of 1922 show Indiana leading all other
states in colony average honey production, foulbrood being nearly cleaned
from within its borders (less than 2% remaining).

We, the Illinois beekeepers, in convention hereby ask of the Director of
Agriculture and the legislative body of Illinois to allow such appropriation
and amend and enact such laws as will enable us to carry out a system of
inspection and education similar to that of Indiana in order that Illinois
may redeem the beekeeping industry and save the hundreds of thousands
of dollars worth of honey that under present conditions owing to lack of
funds, bee laws, inspection, lack of knowledge, and disease, can not be
secured.

Jt was moved by A. G. Gill and seconded that we ask the Director
of Aoriculture and the Governor of the State and the State Legislature
for an appropriation of $12,000 per annum for bee inspection. The
motion carried.

It was moved and seconded that the President, aided by a committee
of two of his own selection be put in charge of securing legislation and
that he be urged to revise our foulbrood law to provide for State in-
spector on full time and deputies either part time or full time at fixed
salaries. And furthermore, that the President and this committee be
])laced in full charge of securing such legislation calling on the Secre-
tary and the membership for all such help as needed. T)^e motion
carried. J

It was moved and seconded that the President of the University
of Illinois and trustees thereof be asked for the establishiWent of a com-
plete department of beekeeping at the University of Illinois, includ-
ing teaching, investigation and extension. Motion carried.

There being no further business the meeting adjourned.

^ M. G. Dadant, Secretary.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'" ASSOCIATION. 13

THE PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

Members of The Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, Ladies and
Gentlemen :

One year has passed since last we met in annual session and one
more year has been added to the history of this Association, and it
affords me great pleasure to greet and welcome you to this, the thirty-
second annual meeting of The Illinois State Beekeepers Association.

This is an occasion we all look forward to with much pleasure.
Here we meet our friends and those interested in our beloved industry,
clasp their hand in greeting, meet and form new friendships, review
the past and formulate plans for the future.

The past year has been one with "a good start but a poor finish."
The first part of the season gave us a good flow of nectar and the pro-
gressive beekeeper secured a good crop. But due to the extreme drouth
over the greater part of Illinois few colonies obtained enough fall honey
to winter them. And if the beekeeper has not given them plenty of
stores many colonies will die for the lack of food.

But it is to the future that most of us are looking with that hope
of the better which so characterizes the beekeeping fraternity. What
the future holds for us we cannot predict with any degree of certainty,
but by certain acts of our own we may influence the future to a greater
,or less degree, according to the energy we may put into the enterprise.
If we as an individual or a few individuals attempt to keep the interests '
of beekeeping before the public and the beekeepers who are indifferent
to their own interests we are doomed to failure or disappointment. It
is only by the cooperation of the entire beekeeping fraternity that we
can ever hope to obtain the many things that are needed to make Illinois
the equal of her sister states in beekeeping.

The organization of county associations is a step in the right direc-
tion, but as yet is to immature to give the results desired. In another
year every county in the State will have its county association.

The early settlers of Illinois, recognizing the value of honey as a
food brought a few colonies of bees with them when they left our
eastern states to make their new home in this great State. From this
small beginning a great industry was built and our people were sup-
plied with nature's healthful food in abundance. Illinois made great
advances producing more honey than could be consumed within its
borders and continued to do so until 1889. At that time Illinois
ranked as second in honey production and in the advancement of apicul-
ture in the United States and her future possibilities seemed great.

Since that time there has been a steady decline in the industry
until now only half the honey is produced that was produced in 1889,
according to flgures given us by the United States census. From second
place the beekeeping industry has fallen to fifth among the states in
number of colonies of bees, and only seventh in the amount of honey
produced within its borders. Millions of pounds of its potential honey
crop are ungathered and thousands of pounds of honey are imported
from other states to supply our own demand.

14

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

DR. A. C. BAXTER.
President of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'" ASSOCIATION. 15

What has caused this depression in the beekeeping industry of our
State? It is not lack of initiative on the part of beekeepers nor the
lack of educators, although the educational facilities in the State for
beekeeping are sadly behind other states surrounding Illinois. The
chief factor in this depreciating of the beekeeping industry is due to
the wide spread of a highly infectious disease of the honeybee colony
known as foulbrood. This disease, brought in from other regions
through the exchange of materials and from buying and selling colonies,
early obtained a foothold in Illinois and has spread from apiary to
apiary until it is now found everywhere in the State where bees are
kept. Its prevalence pr^^ents expansion on the part of the progressive
beekeeper and wipes out his smaller neighbor, who does not recognize
the difficulty or does not care to remedy it.

This condition is deplorable in view of the fact that the disease
can be eradicated from the apiaries of the State by proper control
measures. This has been done in other states. The cure lies in the
prompt destruction of all combs of infected beehives and in forcing
bees to build new ones. The infected material is burned up and
destroyed.

The big beekeepers with 300 to 500 colonies may know how to
fight foulbrood and may benefit by having it kill off all the small
beekeepers around him, but even they are put to much expense to
combat the disease, besides their bee property is less salable on account
of the disease and soon goes to destruction from disease when deprived
of skillful care on account of death of ovnier or other causes. One of
the largest beekeepers in Illinois kept bees for forty years without
seeing foul brood, but now has to combat it. Leaving their 500 to 600
colonies to the care of hired help for the last few years has caused them
to lose 100 colonies from foulbrood the past season. A low estimate on
just the bees and comb would be a loss of $700,000 to say nothing of the
expense of cleaning up the remainder to safeguard their future.

Many people near our large cities keep bees as a sideline to their
regular business, using their spare time to care for from fifty to one
hundred colonies of bees, who in a good season receive from $1,200 to
$1,600 from their honey crop sold at retail. Often men like this are
overwhelmed and are put out of business of producing for good. Be-
sides this their neglected bees infect those in surrounding territory.

Nearly all states have laws which provide for a state officer known
as an inspector of apairies, who directs the work of disease eradication.
Illinois has such a law, but has been held back by the fact that the in-

3r could not properly organize his department, because of lack of
financial aid.

I^inois has within her borders 200,000 colonies of bees, worth ac-
cording to United States census a million dollars. The honey pro-
duced each year, according to the Bureau of Markets, amounts to 35
pounds per colony or approximately 7 million pounds, which at the
present wholesale market price of ten cents per pound is worth $700,000.
The census figures give no adequate idea of the industry in the United
States or in any state because only bees on farms and their production

16 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL BEPORT OF THE

are reported. The up to date beekeepers of the cities and towns who
keep hundreds of colonies each are entirely left out as well as their
product.

The report of our State bee inspector for the past year shows that
only 9.067 colonies of bees were inspected and that of these over 14 per
cent were diseased. Think of it! 14 per cent of the colonies of bees
which were inspected in Illinois are not productive and need to be de-
stroyed, and of those not inspected at least an equal percentage are dis-
eased and remain as a menace to the honey crop of the beekeepers and
further to diminish the total returns.

Our loss, therefore, through bee diseases at the least minimum is
$140,000 in bees, dying or destroyed, and $100,000 in diminished
amount of hOney produced, besides the indirect losses of pollination
curtailment of the industry.

The honey producing industry now bringing into the State one
million dollars a year on the average, is in danger, adequate bee in-
spectors will ward off this danger and eventually cause a million or two
more to be put into the industry and result in more millions in the
annual return from the sale of honey and bees.

The State law for inspection seems to be all right with money
enough to work with and Illinois should do as her neighboring states
are doing. Four years ago Indiana came to the realization that some-
thing must be done or the bee industry of the State would be ruined.
She therefore appropriated a maximum of $15,000 with a bee inspector
on full time, in charge of the work. In four years her foulbrood loss
has diminished from 25 per cent to two per cent and her honey has
increased a million pounds. This represents a total value of honey and
colonies saved to the state of at least $200,000 a year. It is probably
close to a million dollars for the four year period.

The solution of the problem in Illinois is therefore obvious. In-
stead of an inspection system hampered through a lack of funds, the
state should appropriate for beekeeping inspection $12,000 per annum,
which is an amount more commensurate with the value of the industry
to the commonwealth. This would allow for the appointment of an
inspector under the Director of Agriculture, who could devote his full
time to alleviating the conditions.

With Indiana giving $15,000, Michigan $10,700, Wisconsin
$10,500 for apiary inspection, can the great State of Illinois afford to
do less? Can she afford to have one of her basic agricultural indus-
tries faced with ruin? By united effort from all beekeepers there is
no reason why Illinois should not lead in inspection work. Other
states with a third of the resources of our State, with fewer beekeepers,
have obtained the best in all things that make for better bees and better
beekeepers. We should do the same and have Illinois in the front
rank and second to none.

While beekeepers ^ave improved as a class, and are becoming bet-
ter, there is still room for great improvement, not so much in the
handling of bees and the production of a good crop, but in the selling

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEBPEEs' ASSOCIATION. 17

of the crop. Beekeepers will plan for a year and work through the
heat of the day to produce a crop of fine honey and then dispose of it
in a few minutes. I find honey on our local markets poorly packed and
ungraded selling at a price which could not have paid the producer the
cost of production, while if the producer had followed a few simple
grading rules, packed in new, clean cases, he would have produced
honey at a profit instead of a loss. The same applies to extracted honey,
new pails, full weight and well ripened honey will always command the
top price. Be honest with yourself, as well as with the buying public.
Do not attempt to undersell your neighbor, for by doing so you not
only bring condemnation on yourself but the entire beekeeping fra-
ternity. The unthinking public has long believed that honey is pro-
duced without labor or investment of time and money and such acts only
confirm that belief.

- 2 B A

18

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

MAURICE G. DADANT,
Secretary of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS" ASSOCIATION. 19

REPORT OF EXPENDITURE OF STATE FUNDS FOR STATE
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

The fund allowed by the State for the Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association amounts to $2,400 for the biennium or $1,200 for each
year beginning with July 1, 1921. This is divided as follows: Salary,
$600; office expense, $1,200; expenses of meeting, $600. The salaries
are not to be paid to any officer of the State Association but are for out-
side work, such as stenography, etc.

Of this amount during the last eighteen months the following has
been spent. Salaries, $210; office expense, $831; expense of meeting,
$364. Practically all of the salaries are for stenographers for 1921
meetings. Office expense consists of necessary office expense besides
about $500 spent for publication of the last annual report. Expense of
meeting is payment of expenses of different speakers at the meeting
together with payment of expenses of carrying on display and demon-
stration at the Illinois State Fair.

Statement shows balance in the State treasury of the State fund of
approximately $1,100. This will be used up in office expenses, expense
of the 1922 meeting and in getting out the next annual report.

All orders drawn on the State funds must be 0. K.'d first by the
Secretary of the State Association, then by the President of the State
Association and finally by the Director of Finance of the State of Illi-
Jiois. There is therefore a triple check on these expenditures.
Eespectfully submitted,

M. G. Dadant,
Secretary Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

20 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ILLINOIS STATE
BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION FOR THE YEAR 1922.

Acting on the instructions of the association, the committee made
effort to have formed as many local associations in the State as possible.
There are now fifteen local associations in the State, nearly all of which
are affiliated with the State Association.

During the year twenty-eight meetings were held, speakers being
secured both in the State and outside the State as attractions for these
meetings ^with as little expense as possible.

The total membership for the year is 523 beekeepers, representing
77 counties in the State.

The annual report was issued early in the summer, and all that were
printed have been issued to paid up members. Your Secretary has
issued the monthly news letter regularly during the year, a copy being
sent eacli month to each member.

A conference was held at the University of Illinois in the effort
to get a department of beekeeping there and also to get University
authorities interested in the Miller Memorial library. Unfortunately,
insufficient funds prevented the establishing of a complete department
at the University, though it is hoped to effect it within another year.
The Memorial library went to Wisconsin.

Cooperation has been effected with the State crop department at
Springfield, and this department gives bee information now together
with other agricultural information from time to time.

Under direction of the President a complete exhibit of bees and of
actual extracting of honey and packing was given at the Ulinois State
Fair, attracting wide attention of the public. An extracting outfit was
purchased from the State Association funds at a cost of $161. GO.

Financial statement for the year is as follows :

On hand at beginning of year $137.58

Received from League subscriptions 120.75

Received from memberships ' 282.80

$541.13

Membership in American H. P. League $100.00

Expenses of delegate 85.89

Dr. Miller Memorial Fund 20.00

State Fair Extracting Outfit 161.60

Salary of Secretary 100.00

$467.49

Balance in Treasury $ 73.64

M. G. Dadant, Secretary.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES'' ASSOCIATION, 21

STATEMENT OF TREASURER OF THE ILLINOIS STATE
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION DECEMBER 1, 1921 TO
DECEMBER 1, 1922.

Dr.

G. M. Withrow $100.00

Dr. Miller Fund 20.00

American Honey Production League and C. H. Wiley expenses 185.89

A. I. Root Co 161.60

M. G. Dadant, salary 100.00

Balance on hand 73.64

1641.13
Cr.

Balance on hand $130.08

December 16, deposited 107.50

December 20, deposited 21.75

January 11, 1922, deposited 9.55

January 30, deposited 41.40

March 7, deposited 166.75

April 3, deposited 45.10

July 7, deposited 53.50

November 1, deposited 65.50

$641.13
Eespectfully submitted,

Geo. Seastream, Treasurer.

t

23

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

GEO. SEASTREAM,
Treasurer of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. 23

MINUTES OF CHICAGO-NORTHWESTERN CONVENTION.

The Chicago-Northwestern Beekeepers' Association held its 26th
annual convention on December 4-5, 1922, in the Eose Eoom of the
Great Northern Hotel at Chicago, 111.

President G. H. Cale called the convention to order and delivered a
short address, welcoming all to our convention, after which the Presi-
dent appointed the following committees :

Committee on Auditing the Secretary-Treasurer's Books, Mr. C.
0. Yost, Mr. E. A. Weineke. Committee on Resolutions, C. 0. Yost,
E. S. Miller.

Mr. E. E. Eoot gave an interesting talk on a new treatment of
American foulbrood.

Mr. Allen Latham explained how honey can be used to make an
anti-freezing liquid for automobile radiators.

Mr. H. F. Wilson of American Honey Producers' League explained
at some length the use of chloride solution in eradicating American
foulbrood from combs, also stating that it was not entirely satisfactory
and that a new solution was being prepared which is expected will
eradicate the disease from the combs entirely. After which the • con-
vention adjourned to 1 :30 p. m. '

Afternoon Session.

Mr. E. S. Miller spoke on the organization, the development and
activities of the Honey Producers' League.

Mr. H. F. Wilson addressed the members on organization of Honey
Producers' League, why members should join individually and collective-
ly and of the benefits derived from doing so. He also told how honey
can be sold on a larger scale by advertising through the Honey Pro-
ducers' League ; also of the need of moral and financial support.

A very interesting talk on making honey candy was given by Mr.
Allen Latham.

Mr. C. 0. Yost gave an interesting talk on the necessity of or-
ganization and the benefits derived therefrom. He also told how foul-
brood inspectors in the State of Indiana are assigned to various routes
in such a way intended to make the inspection more effective. Prom
what can be gleaned from the talk of Mr. C. 0. Yost, Indiana is the
healthiest bee state in the country.

Mr. Samuel Cushman talked on local organization and how he
organized the Cook County Beekeepers' Association.

Mr. Allen Latham gave us his interesting experiences on things and
devices he has found useful. He spoke of a hive stand made of concrete,

24 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL EEPOKT OF THE

how to make it and its benefits, of supplies for the hive and their proper
uses, of proper beespace in the hive, of getting rid of robber bees by
killing same on frame of honey exposed to them, also by trapping robber
bees by an ingeniously constructed trap to catch them. He also told how
to take care of extra choice queen cells found in the apiary, also de-
scribed little mating boxes for such cells. He described method of
driving staples straight in end bars of frame. How nails may be
coated with rosin. A quick way to make syrup for bee feed by pouring
the same from one can to another. Of having extracting frames of one
width all around.

Mr. E. E. Eoot kept the members interested with his talk on hives
in which he favored the large hive. He also gave a very interesting
history of hives at different periods, the movable frame, the proper
bee space and where to put it.

Mr. Allen Latham again entertained and instructed the members
in the business of selling honey at fairs, also making and selling honey
sandwiches.

Mr. Cale also gave an interesting talk on selling honey.
Mr. Atkins of Lewis Co., gave an appreciative talk on prices of
honey and the necessity of organization of the Honey Producers. /

Mr. E. Winkler's absorbing topic was on Huban clover, the prepara-
tion of tlie soil, various ways of growing it and its benefits to man,
after which the following resolutions were adopted.

Resolved. That the Chicago-Northwestern Beekeepers' Association here-
by ask the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association at Springfield, Illinois,
December 6th and 7th, 1922, to pass a resolution which shall be presented
to members of the Illinois State Legislature to make laws and appropriate
funds that will enable Illinois to carry out a system of inspection like that
now proving so successful in the State of Indiana.

C. 0. Yost,
E. S. Miller,
Committee on Resolution.
Resolved, That the Chicago-Northwestern Beekeepers in convention as-
sembled respectfully request the Illinois State Legislature to appropriate
sufficient amount to adequately carry out a rational system of Bee Inspec-
tion in the State of Illinois.

C. O. Yost
' E. S. Miller.

Committee on Resolution.
Whereas, Our esteemed fellow member, Mr. J. C. Wheeler of Oak Park,
Illinois, on June 26th last, passed from this life; therefore be it

Resolved, That we, the members of the Chicago-Northwestern Beekeep-
ers' Association in convention assembled, extend to his family our heartfelt
sympathy in their bereavement; be it further

Resolved. That a copy of this resolution be sent to his family and that
the resolution be placed upon the minutes of this association.

C. 0. Yost.
E: S. Miller,
Committee on Resolution.

After which the convention adjourned.
Eespectfully submitted,

J. Frank Haan,
Secretary-Treasurer Chicago-Northwestern Beel:eepers' Association.

ILLINOIS STATE BBEKEEPEES ASSOCIATION.

25

REPORT FROM THE STATE APIARY INSPECTOR FROM
JULY 1, 1921 TO JULY 1, 1922.

(By A. L. Kildow, State Apiary Inspector.)

A comparison with conditions of past years, will show something
of our work.

In the year 1911 the inspection work began in July and continued
for three months. Two hundred and thirty apiaries were visited and 38
apiaries were found to have American foulbrood while 30 had European
foulbrood. In this year 31 counties were visited and 19 had disease.

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E. A. Welch apiary at Quincy.

In reach, of the Mississippli lowlands and fall
blossoms.

In 1912 there were 667 apiaries visited and 73 apiaries were found
to have American foulbrood and 316 to have European foulbrood.

In 1^14 there were 783 apiaries visited with 143 having American
foulbrood and 127 having European foulbrood. During this year 48
counties were visited and 40 found to have disease.

26

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

A. Lu KILDOW,
State Inspector of Apiaries.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES'' ASSOCIATION. 27

The past year, that is from July 1, 1921, to July 1, 1922 we in-
spected 418 apiaries, containing 9,067 colonies and found 89 apiaries
to have American foulbrood and 32 to have European foulbrood.

Forty counties were visited and 26 were found to have disease.
The greatest amount of disease was found in and around the larger
cities. For instance 22 apiaries in Cook County were found to have
American foulbrood.

One inspector found that out of 14 diseased apiaries only 3 showed
any trace of disease, when these apiaries were re-visited thus showing
an improvement in how to treat disease and how to manage the bees.
Another said, that foulbrood was badly scattered in his territory, but
at the present they had it under control, as only 2 cases now existed,
and that these would be taken care of in early spring.

With few exceptions the inspection work has met with exceedingly
cordial treatment and cooperation. We were short of help during this
year, but had an increase of inspectors in July, so we are much better
equipped.

. Besides this work, much was done in an educational way. Eljeld
meets and association conventions were well attended and the instruc-
tion work speaks for itself in the increase of our industry.

One of our inspectors explains it in the following manner: "As a
matter of further information for the year 1921-22 I beg to advise that
Jackson, Pope, Marion and Williamson Counties are becoming much in-
terested in bee culture since the associations were organized.

"Many inquiries about modem equipment and use of same and es-
pecially so about the movable frames and use of full foundation, in fact
all the devices used at the present in beekeeping. .They want a full ex-
planation and quickly grasp the use of same.

"Many inquiries for bees from interested people desiring to make
a start in bee culture.

"These facts alone demonstrate what county associations will do,
once the people can be shown where they can turn loss into profit on
money invested, they are quick to grasp the opportunity and advance
further.

In January, 1921 at your request, I became active in Southern Illi-.
nois and found many things to contend with, scarcely any modern
equipment to be found with absolutely no care for the bees, hence no
financial return and all discouraged.

"Now we have a good live association with some developing into
real beekeepers, one of whom I know stated that he sold the surplus
honey from two of his colonies for $70 gross this year. Two years ago
I shook his bees for American foulbrood with no return of disease since.
This shows that American foulbrood can be stamped out effectually if
work is done carefully.''

28

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

REPORT FROM JULY 1, 1921, TO JULY 1, 1922.

Date.

Number
apiaries
visited.

Number
colonies.

Number
having
A. F. B.

Number
having
E. F. B.

Per diem.

Office.

Travel.

1921

July' .,.

August

September

October

November _

December, State Convention

1922
January, Cook County Bee Meet-
ing

February, Convention organiz,ed

at Danville

March, Coles County Bee Meeting

April

May

June

Total.

105
58
98
12

1

6

73

65

418

1,891

1,681

2,114

299

5

485

1,535

1,057

9,067

27
9

16
1

1

23

32

8259 00

236 00

259 00

51 00

21 00

21 00

33 00

56 00

81 00

230 00

304 00

$1,551 00

$2 00
2 00

2 00

2 00

3 75
2 00

2 50
/ 2 00
\13 50

$31 75

$97 47

96 92

98 27

8 60

13 31

9 32

34 12
40 58
88 31

95 03

$581 93

EEPOETS OF COUNTY INSPECTORS.

The Secretary of the State Association has asked all county in-
spectors to make report of conditions in their individual counties and
surrounding so as to .give the members of this association an idea of
just what sections of the State have been inspected and how such in-
spection has been progressing. Reports of the deputy inspectors follow :

Macon County.

Most of the calls here were by request. The heaviest outbreak is
in and around Decatur, which we believe is contracted by honey being
shipped in here from other parts and the containers carelessly thrown
out and taken to the dump. I further find that within a radius of a
mile of the dumps we have reoccurrence of the disease in the same
apiary, although through the country there are scattering cases. I have
visited about 100 apiaries since the 1st of last July and examined about
900 colonies of bees, have most of it under control. I think there are
about 5 different apiaries that this malady will show up in in the
spring.

At Pierson, 111., in one apiary of 64 colonies I was able to save only
four colonies. This was spread by dividing and colonies were very weak.
At Augugta I was able to save three colonies out of 26 colonies. At
Sullivan I saved 22 out of 23 colonies. In most places we have de-
stroyed all that looked hopeless.

A year ago last July there were about 20 per cent' of bees affected
by foulbrood and this fall I do not think there will be more than about
2 per cent. I know this can be wiped out of existence by constant work
and then can be kept down by education.

Wm. H. Snyder^ Decatur, 111,

illinois state bbekeepees' association. 29

Sangamon County.

European foulbrood is all over Sangamon County. American foul-
brood is in the east and south part of Sangamon County. European
foulbrood is found more or less in most of the apiaries I have inspected
due to the carelessness of the keeper.

Most of the beekeepers are the don't care kind, let the bees alone
except once in a while, take off or put on a super, or hive a new swarm
in a new hive if their bees' swarm. I have some few that are ver\' pro-
gressive and are trying to learn and are succeeding to a great extent.

In the northeast part of the county they are very active since I
visited them. Menard County has very poor beemen. European foul-
brood very thick there. Some few are taking hold and are helping me
straighten things out up there. Cass County has both progressive and
careless beekeepers and lots of both American foulbrood and European
foulbrood along the Illinois river.

Haery L. King, Springfield, "111.

Wabash County.

I received my commission as inspector late in July so did not get
over the entire county.

I visited 33 beekeepers and inspected 417 colonies of bees. Of this
number 156 were standard frame hives with straight combs, 100 or-
dinary box hives and l&l in home made frame hives but little better than
box hives. None of these were diseased.

This county is separated from Indiana by the Wabash Eiver.

I visited one beekeeper who lives about 2 miles north of me and
just across the river, he had 3 colonies left out of 8 that went through
the winter of 1921. The five were full of American foulbrood. One
thing that appeared rather strange to me was that the five dead colonies
were not bothered by motli worms.

I have 85 colonies of my own. I treated 3 for American foulbrood.

Egbert Watt, Mt. Carmel, 111.

Christian County.

The season for inspection work was almost over when I qualified
for the position but I was fairly well acquainted with conditions of the
larger part of the county before taking up the inspection work. We
have brood diseases from east to west, from north to south boundary
lines of Christian County.

In some small yards I found American foulbrood in such a stage
that it was necessary to burn part of the colonies. We have over 1,200
colonies of bees in this county.

Number of Apiaries examined 12

Number of Colonies American foulbrood 21

Number of Colonies European foulbrood 5

Number of Colonies clean. 211

<v

Total number examined by me 237

Frank Bishop, Taylorville, 111

30 twenty-second annual eepokt of the

Douglas County and Surrounding.

During the season of 1922 I examined 1,154 colonies of bees, in
63 apiaries. Of this number 44 colonies in 9 apiaries were found to
be diseased, 3 with European and 41 with American foulbrood. The
work was done in six counties, Douglas, Edgar, Vermilion, Coles, Clark
and Crawford. American foulbrood was found at Tuscola, Fairmount,
Paris and Hutsonville. All colonies with American foulbrood were
carefully treated or destroyed. The European has ceased to be very
serious in this part of the State.

The worst situation in regard to disease are along the Indiana
State line, where it is impossible to keep the territory clean, on account
of disease being carried back and forth across the line, by the moving of
bees or the flight of robbers.

C. F. BendeR;, Newman, 111.

Adams County.

I made one inspection by order at Pleasant Hill, 111., and was to
go to Jerseyville, 111., but did not get through. All other inspections
were in south Quincy and South Twenty-fourth and Twelfth Streets,
and in bottom south of Quincy to Marblehead.

I found several old homemade hives and boxes in use. I found
most beekeepers anxious for the inspections who gave me much assist-
ance and where I found foulbrood they got busy and cleaned up. I had
troul;)]e with just one man on South Twenty-fourth Street, Quincy. I
will handle him in nice shape in the early spring. I learn I will find
more foulbrood in the north part of Quincy and a great many in the
hands of farmers who are as a rule neglectful. I have had a great
success in fighting foulblood and have very small carry over and hope to
make a clean spot around here next year.

Colonies inspected 409

Apiaries inspected 33

Apiaries inspected (found foulbrood) 14

Colonies inspected (found foulbrood, 10 European, 68 American. . . 78

E. H. Rittler, Quincy, 111.

Jackson County.

During the year July 1, 1921, to June 30, 1922 I visited some 60
different yards, containing some 619 colonies of which eleven yards
were affected all with American foulbrood. Some territory I visi-ted
in 1921 and again in 1922 showed clean but it was where I did the
work myself.

I was well received everywhere excepting one party in Jackson
County, who was arrested, fined and bees burned. This party was giv-
ing ns lots of trouble as he was selling equipment and drawn combs
with scales in ceills. I anticipate less trouble in this locality now that
the cause has been located and taken care of.

J. E. Wooldridge, Chicago, 111.

illinois state beekeepers'' association. 31

Henry County.

As I was not appointed inspector of apiaries until in August.
1922 it was too late to do very much inspection work in this part of
the State last fall, but owing to the late fall we had I did do quite a bit
of work in that line in some parts of Henry County.

I find the northern part of this county is more infected with dis-
ease than the southern part, but the northern part has more apiaries
than the southern.

I inspected 55 apiaries and found that 28 of these had disease of
which 20 apiaries had European foulbrood and 7 had American foul-
brood, and 1 apiary had both the American and European.

These 55 apiaries contained 538 colonies of bees of which I ex-
amined 199 colonies, out of these 199 colonies, 91 were diseased or about
IG per cent of the bees were infected with some kind of disease.

I also found that almost 25 per cent of the bees were in box hives
or in hives with frames, without any foundation.

Out of the 55 apiaries visited, 4 were in Eock Island County, of
which 1 had European and 1 had American foulbrood.

One apiary was visited in Whiteside County which had American
and in very bad shape. Another apiary was visited in Knox County, it
had European foulbrood.

There are still 13 townships in this county that I have not worked
a bit, but will go after them in the spring as soon as work can be done
in the line of inspection.

I think European foulbrood will soon be stamped out as pure
Italians are introduced all over the county to replace the blacks, but
I think it will take longer to rid ourselves of the American. However,
if enough money will be appropriated to do a thorough inspection,
there will be very little disease in this county at the end of 1923.

Elmer Kommer, Woodhull, 111.

Hancock County.

Herewith report of inspection work :

Number of Apairies visited. 5G

jSTumber of Colonies inspected. 913

iSTumber of Colonies with American Foulbrood and treated. 54

iSTumber of Colonies with European Foulbrood. .- 10

Number of Box Hives. .^ 14

I began inspection June 17, and worked at odd intervals to
August 15, and covered the west half of Hancock County, and the north
part of Adams. I found disease prevalent in the west part of county
south to Ursa beginning one mile north of Hamilton and extending
east to Basco and south to Lima. The north part of county consisting
of the country around N"auvoo, Niota, Colusa, Burnside, Powelton and
Elvaston, is entirely free of disease. All colonies found with American
Foulbrood were shaken and equipment either burned or sterilized. A
number of places were found where an apiary of 10 or 12 colonies had

32 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

died of American Foulbrood and old hives were still sitting on their old
stand and a few stray bees working robbing out what infected honey
that was left. In these cases equipment was burned in a pit, and pit
filled up. There is urgent need for the south half of the county to be
checked over the first thing this spring.

G. E. Watt, Hamilton, 111.

No report from Cook County.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'' ASSOCIATION. 33

HOW HUBAM CLOVER INCREASED MY HONEY CROP.

(By Edw. A. Winjcler^ Joliet, III.)

Along in the year 19'30 I received a free sample of Hubam clover
seed from the Iowa station, and after harvesting several pounds of it
that year, decided I would plant quite an acreage in 1921, so I bought
some more seed from Henry Fields, and after I was through planting
I found I had 43 acres. I had limed the ground well and, although
I was late in planting it, I harvested a fine lot of seed.

I paid $30 an acre for the land I gi-ew my Hubam on and $10 per
pound for the seed, and hired nearly all the work done as I am no
farmer but a beekeeper with about 500 colonies. When I planted my
clover I thought I was goiug to grow it as a side line with my bees, but
when cultivation time came, and then hand weeding became necessary
with the managing of many boys, I soon found that my bees were the
side line and that I was working overtime to prevent a total loss in both
lines.

Well, when I had my seed all in bags and all expenses added up I
found that my total investment was over $3,000, not figuring my own
time. I was not discouraged, for I had over 2,700 gallons of honey and
I believe the finest lot of Hubam seed in the State.

I sold about 1,000 pounds of my seed, but not many farmers were
buying seed at $2 per poiand so, long before the seed selling season
opened I decided I was through selling Hubam seed. I had decided
on a plan where I could invest my seed better than the money it would
bring. I had harvested not a pound of honey from my 43 acres, but
was sure that if the atmospheric conditions were right, Hubam would
yield honej', and lots of it, for I had read of others harvesting Hubam
honey.

I drew up contracts and advertised once in the local paper that T
would furnish the seed, one-half the limestone, test the soil (in which
I used the Potassium Cyanide test), furnish bees to pollinate the bloom
and under my instructions the farmer was to prepare the soil, plant the
seed broadcast, 10 pounds per acre, and hull the seed crop, the seed to
be divided equally between us. I also planted some in all kinds of
grain. Inside of three weeks my seed was all spoken for.

In this way I had 438 acres planted by farmers, from 10 acres up
to 70 acres each.

Xearly all the fields planted in grain early in the spring had the
Hubam just as high as the grain when the grain was cut. Those straw
piles make mighty good feeding, for the stock eats it readily, while the
grain yields were just as high as fields that had no Hubam in. N"ow,

— 3 B A

34 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

you know the chinch bug does not bother sweet clover. It's hard to find
a chinch bug in a field of sweet clover, and I believe that Hubam in
grain fields will, to a great extent, eliminate this pest.

We are cutting Hubam here now that was seeded in winter wheat,
oats, spring wheat and winter rye.

All of those stands in grain were planted 5 pounds per acre and
will yield from 5 to 6 bushels of seed per acre, while the fields of
Hubam planted alone will run from 8 to 10 bushels of seed per acre.
One field planted in oats will average at least 6 bushels per acre.

The spring started in so wet that farmers could not plant until
almost the first of May, and then after planting it refused to rain any
more.

The bees started to work on alsike about June 5, and by July 4
I had 800 gallons of fine clover honey in cans. Wild biennial followed
in the heels of alsike and before that was through my Hubam was
white with bloom, and I never saw bees carry honey so fast as they did
all through August, which is usually a droughty month here, and was
with two of my outyards this year that couldn't reach the Hubam fields.

We had a frost September 26 and today, the 28th, although the
fields are ripe with seed and cutting is progressing rapidly, there is an
underbloom down in the Hubam that the bees are working heavily on.

I am usually about to pack my bees for winter by this time, but
the supers are still on the hives and bees working just like in July, and
if I shake the bees off the unsealed combs the honey splashes out like
water, so I must leave the supers on until the bees stop working, even
if it is Christmas.

I extracted six times at all yards where Hubam was growing, and
there will still be a clean-up. Many of my hives have already pro-
duced 400 pounds each and some of those hives have over 50 pounds on
now, and it seems that they will keep on working until it gets good
and cold, for the Hubam fields that were cut over two weeks ago are
beginning to get whitish again, and with a late fall like we had last
year — 0, shucks, why be so hoggish? Hasn't the good Lord been ever
so generous this year, and anyhow as soon as the bundles are hulled the
farmers are going to fall plow it for corn or disc it up good and put in
their winter grain.

We have organized the Will County Hubam Seed Producers' As-
sociation. Altogether, we have approximately 1,000 acres. The object
of this association is to sell at a uniform price, clean, certified, scarified
Hubam seed.

I will not stop until Hubam is growing on nearly every farm in
Will County. I don't know how much seed I will sell, but 1 know
I will not sell all of it, for I am going to contract most of my seed out
again next year in small grain, and Will County will flow with honey
from May till October, and when I look at the hundreds of cases of
fine extracted honey piled up 7 cases high in long tiers and in every
available nook and corner until it is almost impossible to take stock,
I feel that it is the best investment I can make.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 35

Hail to Hubam clover, for it is more than a "godsend," as our
sage, A. I. Eoot, wrote : "In time, when the seed is more plentiful, we
will see great fields of it plowed under, but the right time to fall plow
Hubam under is when the stocks are full of green seeds just as the
white bloom is blasting, and that will be another 'godsend' to the bee-
keeper."

With fields of Hubam clover all about us we get no amber fall
honeys; although there is a slight blend, the honey is very light and
Hubam honey is decidedly different than biennial white sweet clover
honey, which has a greenish color. Hubam is white to light amber and
tastes verv much like white clover or alsike.

36 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

BEEKEEPERS MUST ORGANIZE.

(By J. R. Wooldridffe, Chicago, 111.)

Beekeepers must organize ! How can this best be done ? Below are
some suggestions along these lines:

1. We have no financial means at our command to do with.

2. This means we must have more individual activity of each
beekeeper within the State in securing new members for local associa-
tions, which must affiliate with State Association, which will bring our
interests before our State officers with such force they will give more
generously.

3. Now, how can this be done? This is a staggering question to
us all, but must be done. Then, why not place ourselves in the hands
of our Worthy President and Secretary, and let them tell us what they
want done in every nook and corner within the State. We should be
obedient to their instructions and report what effort we have put forth
and what we have accomplished. By this means our President and
Secretary will become familiar with all conditions within the State and
they have the intelligence to meet every obstacle placed before them.
There are too many of us on the stool of "do-nothing" at the present
time. W^e must get down and go to work and make this association a
success, regardless of the effort it costs.

4. It is not my intention to speak harshly about anyone present
or absent, or to attempt to dictate to anyone, but it does seem that our
five Yice Presidents are not active enough — at least I have not heard
of anything they have done, although I may be incorrectly informed.
Perhaps it would be best to have each one present tell us all of the good
work he has done so that we may rejoice with him. I would further
suggest that our President make it plain to all present before nomina-
tions are made that whosoever accepts the nomination for any office of
the association must be active to the needs of our association, and be
willing, yes, agree to act on the suggestions of our Secretary; do the
work outlined, and report the results promptly to the Secretary.

By this means we will get a working force that will make the State
sit up and take notice. The association has an abundance of brains,
but they are not working. We need their activity. Now won't you help
us?

5. What can be done about legislation ? We are too weak in num-
bers at present to accomplish anything, although we have the nerve to
ask, we have not the strength to support. We are familiar with the
ways of a politician. He wants the votes which we are lacking at
present, but let's go after a larger appropriation than ever, hoping to
succeed.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS" ASSOCIATION. 37

6. Why not have a law enacted requiring every beekeeper within
the State, having one colony or more, to pay a yearly license to the
State of $1.00 and give to the State 25 per cent to collect said license^
the balance to be turned over as an appropriation for bee culture, a por-
tion to go to the State Association for expense money spent along edu-
cational lines.

7. It has been estimated there are some 37,000 would be bee-
keepers within the State — a full collection would mean $37,000.00 in
funds. If we receive three-fourths of this amount it would be much
more than we can hope for in many years to come from a straight
appropriation for bee culture. Besides the beeman has helped himself
by having the State tell- him what to do. The State has spent nothing
and is being paid liberally for what they do, and it is not hard on the
beekeeper.

8. I hear some one saying it would drive all the little beekeepers
out of business. He has the privilege of quitting or increasing. I have
seen cases where they paid $1.00 per year cheerfully for a dog that
would neither bark nor bite. I believe our losses would be nil, and
those who left us for this cause we will be better without. They have
no interest, and are dangerous to their neighbors.

I respectfully submit the above for your consideration.

38 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

BEES AND HORTICULTURE.

(By H. F. Wilson, Madison, Wis.)

Science tells us that all forms of plant and animal life are to a
more or less degree dependent upon other plants or animals for their
existence. Just why some of the forms of life now in existence should
be allowed to survive may be hard to understand, but each succeeding
year brings ne^V discoveries which make known to us some of the things
we do not now see clearly.

The interrelations between insects and plants are of prime economic
importance to the horticulturist and farmer. This is true because of
the part insects play in carrying pollen from one plant to another,
thereby providing cross fertilization which is so often essential to the
production of strong, healthy plants.

Our fruit growers should take time to study the habits of insects
about the blossoms in the spring, especially the honey bee. If they
have a proper understanding of how plants grow and seeds and fruit
are formed, it will only need a few observations to show what bees and
other insects are doing for us.

Having the plants jJi'operly fertilized is just as much a part of
plant growing as any other operation, and many fruit growers through
actual experience have found this to be true.

Why is it that plants need outside help, do they not have the
power of fertilization in themselves? Yes, but let me explain: In
plants as well as animals there must be male and female elements.
Animals are able to move about and complete the sex acts by themselves.
Plants, being unable to move about, must depend upon the whims of
nature for their transfer. Nature in some cases has combined the male
(stamens) and female (pistil) organs in the same flower, although this
does not mean that all such flowers can fertilize themselves. In other
plants the female and male flowers are entirely separate from one an-
other and depend upon the wind to blow grains of pollen from the
stamens of the male flowers to the pistil of the female flowers. As with
animals, cross fertilization is necessary in plants, and nature has so ar-
ranged its scheme that very few blossoms are actually fertilized within
themselves. Cross pollination develops better fruits of all kinds.

In this scheme nature has provided plants with various colored
flowers and nectar-secreting organs to attract bees and other insects at
that particular time when the production of seed is to begin.

The petals of the flower are perhaps useful in drawing the insect
near. The nectar at the base of the flower entices it deep down into the
corolla, thereby causing the insect to come in contact with the pollen ;

\

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 39

some of the pollen clings to the body of the bee and ig carried on to the
next flower.

The honey bee does not visit flowers to cause pollination but rather
to gather the nectar and pollen as food for itself and its young. The
plant provides the bee with food for services rendered.

Mr. W. J. Beal in 1868 wrote as follows : "Bees are willing agents
here as in other instances, lighting first on the stigma of the older
flowers which are further down the stems, and then passing up to
others which are younger. Besides collecting nectar at the bottom of
the flower, they collect the pollen by scraping the style upon each side
with their legs and when calling at the next flower, first striking the
exposed stigma, leaving a few little morsels as tribute for the bountiful
supply.''

This action of the bee, in which it unconsciously causes the fer-
tilization of the flower is Nature's agent for bringing about cross-
fertilization.

Bees Insure Crops. Many instances have been recorded showing
the value of bees for farm, garden and Orchard and experiments car-
ried on by well qualified investigators show quite conclusively that bees
are a necessary adjunct to successful farming and orcharding.

In the province of Ontario, Canada, where large areas of alsike
clover is grown for seed production, the farmers are glad to provide
space free of charge for beekeepers to set oht their apiaries. In nearly
every large green house where cucumbers are grown bees are used to
pollinate the flowers.

In the State of Washington a few years ago orchardists were rent-
ing colonies of bees at five dollars per colony to fertilize their apple
crop. Every now and then very definite examples of the need of bees in
pollination are shown. Mr. L. D. Stilson of Nebraska notes that in
1893 the apple trees in his orchard bloomed abundantly and the fruit
set in great profusion. When the apples were about one-half to three-
fourths of an inch in size they began to drop. An examination showed
that very few seeds had been formed. Mr. Stilson credits the trouble to
the fact that heavy rains occurred during the blooming period which
washed the flowers clean of pollen. In Mr. Stilson's orchard, where he
had some bees, he noticed that of the fruit formed, most of it was on
trees in the immediate vicinity of the apiary or in line of flight of the
bees on sunny days following rain. With cherries he had had fourteen
consecutive crops, while others without bees had missed three to five
crops. Mr. Stilson also mentions that E.. Whitcomb of Friend, Nebraska,
in 1893 produced 300 bushels of cherries, while orchards equally as
good, but out of the line of flight of the bees produced none.

Mr. A. H. Kendrickson carried on some work for the California
Experiment Station in 1915, 1916, 1917, in which he placed tents over
trees and placed a colony of bees under several of the tents, while the
others had no bees. Observations were made on 50,000 plum and
prune blossoms in 1915, on 87,000 in 1916. The trees under tents
with bees set about 19 per cent while the normal set in the field was
a little less than 4 per cent. Mr. Hendrickson concludes that "both the

40 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

French and Imperial prunes may be aided in setting fruit by the use
of bees in the orchard during the blossoming period, provided the trees
are in a normal healthy condition. The absence of bees in the orchard
may mean a low percentage of set with both of these varieties."

Prof. X. B. Waite, writing in one of the government bulletins on
pollination of the pear, mentions that "the common honey bee is the
most regular important and abundant visitor and probably does more
good than any other species. Pears require cross pollination, being
partially or wholly incapable of setting fruit when limited to their own
pollen."

Just how much good bees do in fertilizing cherries in Wisconsin
is an undecided question, but on the Pacific coast bees are deemed
necessary and there are printed records which indicate that some species
cannot be grown without the aid of bees.

Dr. Gates, formerly with the bee department of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, reports that several growers in that state con-
tinually used bees to insure fertilization of melons. Greenhouse men
who grow cucumbers are entirely dependent upon bees for fertilization
of the blossoms as hand pollination is entirely toO' laborious. Dr. Gates
reports that one grov/er was known in Massachusetts who used upwards
of eighty colonies of bees each year in cucumber greenhouses.

There are many other examples which might be given, but thcje
are sufficient to show the value of bees in horticulture.

Injury to fruit by bees. Uninformed persons who see bees feeding
on punctures in fruit usually come to an immediate conclusion that
the bees are responsible for the injury, but such is not the case. It is
not possible for bees to puncture the skin of fruit, because their mouth
parts are not sufficiently sharp. However, once the skin of a fruit is
broken, the bees gather around the wound to suck up the juices which
are exposed.

If you will carefully examine grapes or other fruit upon which
the bees are feeding, you will usually be able to find a discolored area,
showing where the skin has decayed following injury by some other in-
sect, or perhaps a fungus growth.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS' ASSOCIATION. 41

ORGANIZATION.

(By C. 0. Yost, Indianapolis, Ind.)

That there is unlimited power in organization, is a fact that is
recognized by all thinking men and women pursuing the various voca-
tions of the human race.

A brief study of a panoramic history of the world, would afford
us some interesting data relative to power, success, and failure of or-
ganization with its many forms and purposes which were good, bad,
selfish, weak, and strong in elements of control.

Organization with its attendant powers of good and evil, success
or failure, strikes us as a tremendous factor in the making of the
world's history, when we take a survey through earliest kingdoms and
nomadic tribes, wars of religion, or crusades, wars of conquest, organ-
ized for the purpose of giving rulers more power, glory, wealth or the
peoples' happiness.

The building of great monarchies, either absolute or limited, the
mighty Roman Empire, the mighty machine of Alexander, or Caesar,
the Teutonic wave, the stormy periods incident to the building of the
British Empire, the early discovery of new lands with accompanying
purposes of their settlement, formation of republics, and empires, of
many factions and destinies, nations with military organizations of great
magnitude, the creation and destruction of powerful navies, finally our
own United States of America, the grandest and most powerful gov-
ernment ever organized, all show how much depends on efficient or-
ganization.

We may by some study of factors controlling these myriads of or-
ganizations, form a clear conception of the direct or remote causes
which caused them to rise or fall, conquer or be conquered, develop and
become a world power, or fall back into obscurity.

Whatever transpired during this great world drama, most assured-
ly depended upon the purpose, power and efficiency, of the organization
relative to the event.

In my mind there are three kinds of organizations, good, bad and
harmless, and each is dependent upon two elements for its progress.
These elements are first the purpose, and second the personnel of offi-
cials in control.

A. beekeepers' association is not in principle unlike other thousands
of organizations, which play a prominent part in the industrial world
of today; banking institutions, railway and telegraph corporations,
religious and educational institutions, secret orders, industrial unions,
and scores of others relative to the mercantile or manufacturing in-
dustries.

42 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

We are all moie or less familiar with the life history of these com-
bines or organizations. Some have prospered, others failed and were
reorganized, some have passed into oblivion to be replaced by new ones
later. I believe that every intelligent man and woman can readily ap-
prehend the fact that tlie cause of failure or success of these organiza-
tions may be traced to one or both of the elements mentioned above
(purpose and personnel). It would first seem unnecessary to mention
the good, bad and harmless class of organizations, but I am firmly of
the opinion that our careful consideration of them will enable us to
gain a comprehensive idea of their most inner activities, their purpose
and control, their growth and the causes of their failure.

A bad organization is one whose purpose is set up in a mislead-
ing manner and rather than proving a source of pleasure and profit to
its followers, leads more or less to their downfall and misfortune.

Such an organization, while it may have a very bright colored pur-
pose on paper, is really at heart built for the benefits of the personnel
in control. Such systems as these are often found in political circles,
also in monarchies and empires.

The German Empire consisted of a powerful military organiza-
tion. The purpose of this Empire was such that the subjects of same
were marvels of loyalty, but we know how badly they were deceived and
how heavily misfortune fell upon them.

The Eussian Monarchy reigned with a purpose just as deceiving to
its humble uneducated peasants. In these cases the personnel seeking
power and glory came to grief the same as the deceived followers.

A harmless organization is simply one whose purpose is merely an
innocent dream of beautiful theories, and whose personnel is much ad-
dicted to the discussion of theories and ideals of a useless, harmless and
unpractical nature.

Good organization is one in whose purpose we will find embodied
such fundamentals as are conductive to the happiness, prosperity and
cooperative contentment of its membership, a purpose with an attain-
able ideal, built solely along legitimate and honest lines, a purpose that
within itself will create a desire in intelligent men and women to be-
come a part of the affiliation, a purpose that will relieve the many needs
of its prospective membership.

The beekeepers certainly have many needs, and I do not believe that
the followers of any other vocation are more willing or anxious to form
an impartial, progressive, protective combination than they.

It occurs to me that there are three vital environments that are of
special concern to the beekeepers of the present; they are disease,
market and educational environments. Either one of these environ-
ments is a large subject within itself, and can only be listed here as one
of the important fundamentals relative to progressive organization.

After having established a fixed purpose for the organization we
must next look at the personnel in control. It does not matter how
sincere, commendable, or applicable the object or purpose of an organi-
zation may be, or how faithful and true the assisting factors may be
unless the control is made up of officials capable of untiring leadership

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEfiS' ASSOCIATION. 43

that will ever keep iii view the real interest of every supporting factor
constituting the organization^ the efficiency of the real purpose will be
greatly lowered even to the dangerous point of much failing in interest
and probable desertion by the membership.

The membership or supporting factors are the organizations' em-
bodiment of life, and there can be no surer sign of its decay than their
discontentment and desertion.

In order that the purpose or ideal set forth in creating an organi-
zation may not become afflicted with degeneracy, but instead will main-
tain a steady development along progressive and attractive lines, it is
essential that every factor be sincere and of sufficient bigness, strength
and energy to fulfill destiny in a manner as required for the continued
upbuilding of the organization.

The Indiana State Beekeepers' Organization was created ten or
twelve years ago. Its constitution was so constructed as to assure the
membership of a progressive beneficial association; its splendid achieve-
ments are well known to all who were acquainted with its activities —
through its influence the first bee laws of Indiana were enacted, and the
splendid results of the application of the bee laws have proven that
this one act was the greatest achievement of the organization. Three
years ago the organization was reorganized and some changes made in
the constitution — the purpose being to place the State Organization on
the highest possible plane. It seems that every factor of the machine
functioned perfectly, for there has been a steady and healthy growth
in membership and influence. To my knowledge there has never been
any friction or faction among the mass of members, and our conven-
tions have all passed along in perfect harmony. We all should feel a
thrill of pride- when we consider that our State Organization is second
to none in the United States.

44 TWEXTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

EX-SERVICE MEN IN BEEKEEPING.

(By J. J. Gilcrist, Peoria, III.)

The United States Veterans' Bureau was instituted by act of Con-
gress in order to consolidate under one head all government agencies
that dealt with the after-war problems of ex-service men and women.
The Bureau thus created is charged with the responsibility of carrying
on the war time insurance, of providing vocational training for the dis-
abled, and finding suitable employment for them after their rehabili-
tation.

When we pause to consider that among our ex-service people will
be found practically every nationality, every creed, every race or color,
great numbers of major and minor operations, the Tubercular,
Keuropsychiatric or mental cases, blind, deaf or speech defects, and an
educational range from illiterate to post-graduate, it must be conceded
that our government has undertaken a tremendous and far-reaching
task. Although the Bureau carrying on this big educational and indus-
trial proposition is a national agency, its earnest endeavor is to bring
into each phrase of the work, the humanizing influence of sympathetic
and personal interest.

Each and every war veteran who believes that he has a disability
incurred, aggravated, or traceable to service in the Arrny, ISTavy, or
Marine Corps is urged to file an application for compensation and
training. If, after medical examination, he is found to be suffering
from a 10 per cent or greater disability, which vocationally handicaps
him, he is entitled to a course in vocational training at the expense of
the government, if such training is desired and feasible.

Those men who are entitled to training only, are allowed tuition
and books. Those who are burdened with a vocational handicap, are al-
lowed not only tuition and books- but also maintenance allowance for
themselves and dependents.

The law requires that a course of training be prescribed, that the
claimant be offered the prescribed course, and if advantage is not taken
of the opportunity in a year, the privilege is forfeited. Every insti-
tution used by the government in its training program, is investigated
and required to operate in conformity with the Bureau's training
policies. Placement training, or training on the job, has been found
the best form of training for a great many vocations. The Bureau
enters into an agreement with a shop, mill, factory, garage, or any in-
dustrial concern, whereby the trainee is given instruction in his chosen
line of work. While thus employed, he is given the same allowances he
would receive were he attending an institution.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS' ASSOCIATION. 45

After the man's training has been completed, and there is sufficient
evidence that the trainee possesses the requisite ability to carry on in
employment, he is considered rehabilitated. It then becomes the duty
of the employment service to place the man in suitable and gainful
employment in the objective for which he has been trained. To do this
successfully, requires the hearty cooperation of the business and indus-
trial worlds, which have responded most generously and are absorbing
into their activities, men who have been trained in all lines of en-
deavor, from auto mechanic to embalmer, from watchmaker to school
teacher. Even at this point, the men are not dropped from the records,
but are closely supervised for four months to make sure of their ability
to carry on.

Many ambitious trainees have gone into business in a small way
for themselves, or have acquired small farms where they carry on truck
farming, chicken raising and bee culture.

The course in bee culture is given principally at the Michigan
Agricultural College, East Lansing, Michigan, and usually in conjunc-
tion with poultry raising. One of the best features of this training,
which is approximately two years, is that at the end of the institutional
course, the man is given an opportunity to gain practical experience by
placement training with a first class apiary while still on government
maintenance — or after training, he may have an opportunity to estal)-
lish himself on a small farm, providing arrangements can- be made either
through renting or through ownership.

The course in bee culture as outlined by the United States Veterans'
Bureau is as follows :

1. Beekeeper — combined with truck gardening or poultry.

2. Eequirements of Occupation:

Use of hands and feet.

Eighth grade education or equivalent.

Practical experience in apiary.

3. Units of training, leading to occupation.

Instruction training — 6 months.
Project training worked out at first class apiary.
Handling of colonies.
Keeping record of honey production.
Instruction training 6 months.
Project training 6 months.
Care and management of apiary.
Instruction training — School of Agriculture.

4. Time required.

Instruction training — 18 months.

Project training — 12 months.
Units of training are the principal ones carried in the leading
schools in the United States, and are given in the proper sequence for
study in home, placement or institution. They should be modified and
adapted to meet conditions in the place of training, either institutional
or placement, but units should be deviated from or varied as little a.s
possible.

46 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL EEPOKT OF THE

There are many attractive features about bee culture that appeal
to the veterans who are endeavoring to overcome the handicaps, that
war has imposed. The tonic effect of outdoor life and the daily con-
tact with nature, is in itself a big factor in the remaking of men, and
with the practical application of government training to bring skill
in their chosen lines of work, these men may face life with courage in
their hearts, faith in the future, and hope in their ultimate welfare and
happiness.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'' ASSOCIATION. 47

RESULTS OF ORGANIZATION OF COOK COUNTY

BEEKEEPERS.

(By Samuel Cushman^ President of the Association.)

Your President has asked me to tell you what has been accomp-
lished by the organization of Cook County Beekeepers. This I will en-
deavor to do trusting it may help other County Associations about to
be organized or Just started.

All who attended the meeting of this Chicago-I^orthwestern Bee-
keepers' Association two years ago surely felt that something ought to
be done to protect Illinois beekeepers, A number present complained
that foulbrood flourished unchecked in Cook County and in the State
and that their application for State bee inspection met with no relief.
You might have heard, as I did that numberless beekeepers had been
put out of keeping bees by foulbrood. That many had abandoned their
diseased colonies without any attempt to clean them up, had left them
exposed where they were almost sure to infect all other colonies within
reach. We also were told that the whole appropriation for the State
was not large enough to thoroughly clean up just one or two counties
if it was all spent on them. What money was available had to be spread
so thinly over the State that it did no permanent good, that the pre-
war pay for bee inspectors was about one-half the present day pay for
any kind of labor. Competent men could not afford to do the work at
less than what they could earn at anything else. The chief bee in-
spector was helpless without men and money.

Coming back to Chicago after keeping bees where there was no
American foulbrood to menace beekeeping I was astounded and dis-
mayed at the conditions described. I did not want to again take up
beekeeping under such conditions. It was not safe to buy nearby
colonies. If you made a start from package bees from out of the State
they might get infected from neighborhood hives in a short time and
put you to much expense to save them. Even colonies kept free of dis-
ease might be unsalable at their full value on account of suspicion that
they might have latent disease present.

I met J. E. Wooldridge, Mr. C. 0. Smith and Mr. A. G. Gill at
this meeting who deplored bee disease conditions in the county and were
willing to help change them. A dozen other local men were invited to
"meet and talk over a plan to organize Cook County beekeepers. It was
at first planned to secure a free hall in a public school building and
meet the other expenses by voluntary contributions from those most,
interested in order to educate the rank and file of small beekeepers.
The difficulty of securing the public school hall, when desired, led to
the free use of the hall of the Chicago Business College for our first.

48 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

meeting Monday evening, February 15th. Notices were sent out to a
special list of several hundred Cook County beekeepers furnished by
Mr. A. G. Gill, also to Chicago news,papers, who supported the move-
ment.

At 7 :15 o'clock the school room seating about 40 persons had no
standing room vacant and by 7 :45 an overflow meeting of over 45 per-
sons was also in session in the adjoining room. At least 90 persons at-
tended. We promised a two hours feast of bee information before tak-
ing up the matter of organization and all interested were invited. All
were asked to leave their name and address. Off hand talks and ques-
tions and answers made this meeting very interesting.

Within ten months from this first call to organize, the Cook
County, Illinois Beekeepers' Association was the largest and strongest
in the State. It had secured the appointment of two of its members
as State bee inspectors for Cook County and the small appropriation
granted by the State has been somewhat increased and the pay of bee
inspectors raised. It had held four monthly evening meetings in winter
with an announced program and an attendance of about 100 persons.
Four bee demonstration meetings in summer and fall in the apiary
were also held and we had enrolled 125 paid members at $1.00 each.

The second or March meeting was held in a larger hall at the
Great Northern Hotel where a larger number would come and espe-
cially ladies than would be the case if held in a less accessible public
school building away from the center of the city. The advertised at-
traction at the second meeting was Mr. A. G. Koger, a western pro-
ducer of a 24-ton crop of alfalfa honey, who answered a list of ques-
tions previously prepared for him. This and the election of officers
drew the largest attendance of the season, probably 150 persons. After
the educational program the association was organized and the officers
elected and a large part of the audience enrolled at once at $1.00 each.

Three of our members were the advertised speakers for our third
or A'ipril meeting at the same hotel and after the meeting the con-
stitution and by-laws were considered. Nearly 100 were present.

The ]\Tay evening meeting was devoted to foulbrood with the Chief
State Bee Inspector A. L. Kildow and Dr. Kragness as speakers and
specimens of diseased brood were passed around the room by Dr. Krag-
ness and attendance was large and many there that had not come before.

The four apiary demonstration meetings were probably the most
valuable and interesting to most but many were not able to attend on
Saturday. The June field meeting was held at A. G. Smith's 50 colony
orchard apiary in the Forest Preserve. Demonstrations on opening
hives, using the smoker, rearing queens, etc., were made. The early
July field meeting at the 80 colony apiary of Mr. A. H. Opfer near
Dunning Hospital was a most valuable demonstration of up-to-date
methods of requeening colonies in the upper story with the old queen
beloAv the queen excluder, extracting by electric power and wintering in
long winter cases.

The late July field meeting at the home apiary of Chas. F. Kohr
at Xinety-third and Southwestern Avenue was a foulbrood clean up

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES" ASSOCIATION. 49

demonstration by Chief Inspector A, L. Kildow, assisted by the new
Cook County inspectors, Dr. Kragness and Mr. Wooldridge. The at-
tendance was the largest of any field meeting and the demonstration was
much watched with great interest. Refreshments were served to all by
Mrs. Kohr.

The November demonstration of packing bees in outer cases for
winter was called too late but a good number braved the cold and ex-
posure and visited the two apiaries of A. G. Smith and Edward Groh.

At each of the meetings new members were enrolled. We had 118
members in July and 125 before the November meeting. Such a cam-
paign required prompt action and a lot of work. We have avoided
having papers read at any of our meetings. Face to face talks with no
lost time and plenty of action has been the aim. No speaker has failed
to be there and all programs have been put through without delay ex-
cept in one or two instances. We have assumed that time is valuable
to the audience and that it should be well filled from first to last to
make every one to come a§ain. Discussions of interest to only a few
were cut out until the regular program was over. Association business
has never preceeded the educational program, but followed it. Inter-
missions for getting acquainted and exchanging ideas have been pro-
vided for between addresses and unlimited time given after the pro-
gram is finished. Reception committees, introducing committees, and
committees for solicitation of membership have greatly aided our suc-
cess. We have gone the limit in advertising the speakers, telling who
they are and what tbey have done in making our announcements to
arouse interest to attend. We have depended on the newspapers to help
us and have been much gratified by their cooperation.

Our second year or 1922 program has been much like the first.
We came out a little behind on finances the first year. The second year
the annual dues have been $2.50 per year. We have had the most prom-
inent speakers and it has been more expensive. We have affiliated with
the State Beekeepers' Association and paid them 50 cents per member to
insure our members icceiving their annual report and monthly news
letter.

While many of the first year members did not enroll at the in-
creased rate the second year we did secure over 100 at $2.50 and met all
expenses for 1923. We have now provided for associate members at
$1.00 per year with all privileges except to vote and hold office and it
remains to be seen how many come in on these terms.

"To please and satisfy our audience first and attend to our asso-
ciation business last," has been our motto to increase the attendance.

The Illinois State Beekeepers' Association at Springfield has been
very active the past }ear assisting in the formation of many county
beekeepers' associations and all in the State are now uniting to secure
from the State Legislature this winter an ample appropriation for the
control of foulbrood in this State. Each beekeeper in Illinois is urged
to at once do his part, see or write his representatives in the State
Legislature asking them to support this movement. Also to get his

— 4 B A

50 TWENTY-SECOJSrD ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE

local paper to publish information as to the need of this appropriation,
also to join his nearest beekeepers' association.

If Illinois will protect her honey producing industry as well as do
all surrounding states she will add millions of dollars to the wealth of
the State.

Since the widespread ^growth of white sweet clover (a wonderful
honey plant) throughout the State, the only thing that prevents Illinois
becoming a great honey State is the lack of State bee inspection and.
control.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS'' ASSOCIATION. 51

SECURING ILLINOIS PLACE IN BEEKEEPING.

(An address delivered hy George E. King, of the Department of
Entomology, University of Illinois; delivered at the Convention of the
Illinois State Beelceepers' Association, held at Springfield III., Dec. 1,

1922.)

Mr. President, Fellow Beekeepers: I feel the call that has
been made of me to address you here is a distinct honor. I feel too, my
inability to do justice to the subject that has been assigned me, as I
have not been in the State long enough to have learned the exact status
of beekeeping over all of Illinois; I suppose though that the problems
are pretty much alike everywhere.

I listened carefully with the hope of learning something of the
number of colonies of bees within the State, and since your inspector has
reported that there are something like 166,000, or more, colonies I want
to call your attention to a point or two in this connection. This num-
ber represents an investment of perhaps over a million dollars in
colonies alone. Ordinarily the general equipment of the beekeeper is
valued at a figure about equal to that of the colonies. If this be correct
there is in Illinois over $2,000,000.00 invested in bee culture. It is im-
portant to keep this in mind when legislation and appropriations are
asked for, as members of legislative bodies hesitate to enact laws for or
make appropriations to foster industries which do not give promise of
returns to the State treasury, in the form of taxes or other revenue. In
other words an industry must yield a revenue to the State before it can
expect to receive much consideration from the Legislature. Since Illi-
nois has this amount invested, and according to the very faulty statistics
which we have, stands in rank about the seventh state in the Union in
the value of her beeculture interests, it would seem that a much greater
fund than is at present available should be forthcoming to protect and
foster the industry.

In order to lead up to the thought I wish to present I shall en-
deavor to bring to you a few ideas of fundamental importance in the
form of questions. The question as to the present importance of bee
culture in the State has already been answered as well as can be ex-
pected with the meagre data available. If an investment of this magni-
tude were made by a corporation it would be carefully guarded by every
means possible, but as the investment reaches over the entire State and
is in the hands of thousands of people it is more difficult to comprehend
its magnitude.

Has beekeeping been developed to the fullest extent it is capable
of being profitably developed? In most all enterprises there are certain
limiting factors, especially if natural resources enter in, beyond which

52 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

development can be carried on, but not profitably. To better be able to
answer the foregoing question permit me to ask three others. Are the
bees now within the State now producing as much honey as they
should? If they are, why hasn't beekeeping developed much more than
it has, and why is ir I have found in my limited traveling about the
State such small yields, with many colonies of bees on farms producing
little if any surplus honey? I hope that this condition does not exist
generally over the Stiite. Are the nectar resources of the State being
fully utilized? The fact just mentioned would alone be decisive on this
ipoint because those colonies that produce little or no surplus honey do
not render a reasonable percentage of the raw product they use into a
product useful to man; they therefore are only useless consumers
merely occupying territory where good colonies would show a decided
gain if given the opportunity. We can not then answer this question
affirmatively. Are there any areas of appreciable size within the State
at present overstocked with bees? This last question again introduces
the problem relative to the limits of the possible profits in beekeeping.

So long as the product of the apiary, or anything else for that mat-
ter, can be sold on the market at a net profit over and above operating
expenses, including the cost of production, labor, transportation, and
marketing; that product can be profitably produced. But let the selling
price diminish and the cost of production increase until the two become
about equal. Then you will have reached a point in which there is no
profit left. This is merely a simple business principle, but it applies
similarly to a colony of bees. Wherever a colony is located it requires
raw products to feed it. If it eats all it gathers there is no surplus,
hence no profit. As long as a condition exists wherein colonies are kept
merely occupying territory and yielding no profit or there is an absence
of bees to gather it, no one can truthfully say that the natural nectar
resources of the State are being profitably utilized.

Closely related tc this question on profit is that on overstocking.
What constitutes the overstocking of territory ? At various times bee-
keepers have expressed their views on this question with the result that
there have been many misconceptions of it. Estimates that 25, 50 or
even 100 colonies. are sufficient to fully stock a given sized area are abso-
lutely inaccurate. There are some parts of the country in which there
is not enough nectar produced to support ten colonies of bees, while else-
where nearly a thousand colonies could find ample pasturage in areas
of equal extent. Stocking and overstocking are only relative terms and
either can be determined for any given locality only by actual trial,
though there are unmistakable indications always present, while some-
times the flora may be so affected by weather or other factors as to be
deceptive. The real test of the capacity of a locality, after all, is made
by placing colonies of bees to work it. As long as they are able under
the best care to yield profitable returns it may be taken for granted that
that locality is not overstocked. Conversely, a locality is understocked if
there is a readily available supply of uncollected nectar which could be
profitably conserved by the bees if there were enough of them present
to collect it. Understocking, rather than overstocking is the greatest

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 53

difficulty in this State today. In considering this item we must not lose
sight of the fact that during one year one particular locality will yield
a great surplus of nectar while the following year it may yield almost
none. One is entirely safe in concluding from this that there is ample
room for more bees and the production of bigger and better crops of
honey in Illinois.

As some of the states about us are just beginning to develop
apiculturally Illinois must look well to her laurels and show considerable
improvement, or they will outrank her in honey production. She has
stood well in beekeeping in the past because of such men as Dr. C. C.
Miller, the Dadants and others, but their history will not secure her a
desirable place in the future; the beekeepers of the present and future
must do that.

At once the problem arises, as to how the industry may be improved.
To better express this problem allow its being presented by means of
several questions which cover the situation in a general way. 1. Do the
beekeepers generally winter their colonies with a loss of less than 5 per
cent of their bee population? I do not mean 5 per cent loss in colonies;
one might not lose a single colony outright but might suffer a loss of
perhaps 50 per cent of his bees. It is not my purpose to criticise anyone
unjustly, but I sincerely believe that in this and other respects there
are many possibilities of reducing our losses. I can not see any reason
why losses in bee population should ordinarily exceed this figure.

To further develop the previous question may I ask: What pro-
portion of the colonies within the State are there built up to 100 per
cent working strength by the beginning of the early honey flow in the
spring? If I were to ask for answers from each of you on this ques-
tion, I am afraid that many would reply that their bees could hardly be
built up until the clover flow. I too was under the impression that
colonies need not be built up to full strength very early, until I began
investigating some oi these problems, when I very soon discovered that^
there were good honey flows coming on very early in the spring and the
reason we have never recognized them heretofore is because there were
not enough bees in our colonies to gather sufficient early nectar to make
a showing. It was not until I began working to obtain strong colonies
at the opening of spring that I came to realize the size of a good colony
of bees. While we look forward toward obtaining the most populous
colonies possible we should not for one moment forget the fact that there
is a limit here also, beyond which swarming may enter in to upset our
plans. Well, the building up of poulous colonies while at the same time
exercising the greatest control over the swarming tendency, is one of
the highest achievements of the most successful beekeepers. The ability
to do this will help distinguish the expert from the amateur, and the
time is not far future when those who do not winter their bees with
smaller losses so as to have them ready for work as spring opens will
lose out in beekeeping and become back numbers.

Perhaps I should not ask the next question I had in mind — Are
bee and brood diseases held completely in check throughout the State? —
that has been discussed very thoroughly already. The great prevalence
of disease is ample answer here.

54 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPOKT OF THE

Are the beekeepers acquainted with the factors which influence the
nectar yield, so that they will be able to anticipate the needs of the hees
in time to take the greatest advantage of every condition favorable to
honey production? It may be unfair to ask this question because there
has been so little work done toward giving us real accurate information
on this point. As it is a very vital problem and some good general in-
formation is to be had on it, beekeepers should not be strangers to all
that is known in this regard, but what proportion of them know the
first thing of nectar secretion, or even the plants that yield nectar?

Do beekeepers j^enerally understand the nature and peculiarities of
honey sufficient to care for it and prepare it for market in the best pos-
sible manner? Alas; the condition of some of the honey found on the
market tells too plainly the condition we still must work to overcome.
Not all honey is marketed in a slip-shod manner; a considerable por-
tion of it is put up very creditably, and is not spoiled in the operation,
but the point I desire to emphasize is that even with the best packing
there are still some things to do or avoid doing in order to makfe the
product still more marketable. We have not yet reached the point where
the ordinary beekeeper has learned to carefully grade and pack his
product so as to have it appear most tempting to the consumer.

To sum up it might be asked: Do we need improvement in bee-
keeping? Inasmuch as any or all of these questions are answered in the
negative, the answer here must be affirmative. The securing of Illinois'
place in beekeeping is dependent upon a change of such a nature as will
permit these several questions being answered differently. How may
this be brought about, or better might we ask: What, relative to bee-
keeping, do the majority of beekeepers at present lack most ? The reply
can be summed up in one word, but let us reserve it until we have taken
a retrospect and made more careful analysis of the question. Let us
first consider the requirements which must be met by one who is to be
most successful with bees.

The calling of the beekeeper is peculiar. He is not dealing with
mere inanimate substance as does the carpenter or machinist; neither is
the chief part of his work with beings having a human mind. His work
is nevertheless with real living creatures which are subject to numerous
influences which govern their activities. While we may not properly
speak of bees as being intelligent in the sense that we apply this term
to ourselves, we may still speak of them as having highly organized
senses and reacting to their environment in a peculiar and perhaps
adaptive way. They are subject to definite biological laws such as also
govern all other animal life, even including mankind. If a knowledge
of the laws of nature as applied to ourselves is of great importance in
helping us to overcome such obstacles as disease and other disintegrative
forces of nature so that we may live longer and better lives, then the
knowledge of these laws as applied to bee nature will be of equal im-
portance to the beekeeper. It will assist him in accounting for what he
sees and will also be a guide to his methods of work. The old idea that
beekeeping consisted of learning a set of rules and applying intm in a
hard fast manner to beekeeping-practice was a mistake. Pew lines of

■■ i .

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION. 55

work are more specialized requiring greater skill and good sense than
this, as it requires a knowledge not only of the bees themselves but also
of the effects of weather and numerous other influences upon them.

It is necessary to recognize that bee activity centers around colonial
life. This means that bees are so constituted that they are unabte to
survive if the colony is broken up. While its members are organically
separate and distinct no one of them alone is able to provide every need
even of itself; thus they are mutually dependent upon each other. For
this reason it is absolutely necessary that these intimate relationships
be not only uninterf erred with, but the enviroimient of the colony should
be so modified that the bees will the more easily carry on the functions
of the colony. There seem to be many contradictory conditions arise, the
most obvious one perhaps being swarming. How is one going to give all
colonies the care needed to have them become as populous as possible
without having all of this effort wasted because of the bees dividing their
forces through swarming; just the thing we don't want, and at the most
inopportune time. It takes an expert to do that successfully, and the
expert differs from the ordinary beekeeper because of one thing; he has
mastered more of the principles of bee behavior and has learned to work
with his hands in accordance with those principles — he is trained.

Are the real basic factors governing bee activities well understood
by the rank and file of beekeepers? Perhaps the best way to attack this
proposition is by a casual comparison of the yields of honey obtained
from an average colony, say a hundred or even fiity years ago, with the
yields we obtain now. Of course we will all agree that the yields per
colony we are now obtaining are far greater than the yields of those
times. But, someone may say, we have better equipment and improved
methods now. That is exactly what I wish to emphasize. We have bet-
ter equipment, but it has reached its present state of perfection because
it has been developed according to scientific principles. It has been
made to conform to the nature of the bees so that they are not called
upon to live in an unnatural way to inhabit our modern hives, for ex-
ample. These hives are well adapted to bee nature but at the same time
lend themselves fully as well to the purpose of the beekeeper. Our bee
supply manufacturers are to be congratulated upon the excellent quality
of the product they turn out.

Can we look foiward to great improvements in our apparatus to
solve the beekeeper's problems in the future? There will doubtless be
some improvement made, but the apparatus question has already re-
ceived so much attention that there remain, as far as one can tell, only
minor details to be worked out. Apparatus has approached quite close-
ly to its limit of efficiency. Further development must come from bet-
ter beekeeping. By better beekeeping I mean that beekeepers require
a more thorough knowledge of bee behavior and greater efficiency in
transforming this knowledge into practice — in short, training. The
beekeeper of the future will have to break away from the present tend-
ency to over eirijphasize the mechanical side of his work to the neglect
of the scientific, a method by .which he handles his bees in a sort of
routine mechanical manner. Methods of manipulation must not be lost

56 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

sight of, of course, but they should be made a means to an end and not
an end in themselves.

To get some information on the present tendency toward the me-
chanical, to the exclusion of the basic principles in beeculture practices,
1 went to a beekeeper who has been credited as being one of the best in
this country. As he had two sons working with him I asked him a
question bearing on this point. To the question I put to him in which
1 asked whom he thought would finally be rated the most proficient bee-
keeper he or either of his sons, he replied, "I will." You may think that
he was a little jealous of his sons but that wasn't the idea at all. When
I remarked that 'the eons ought to have their fathers' knowledge and ex
perience besides their own so that they should be better beekeepers than
he could hope to be, lie gave his explanation of the facts as he saw them.
He mentioned that his sons had never stopped to carefully study the
bees, but instead always brought their problems to him for solution.
This resulted in their working more by "rule of thumb" and becoming
very skillful in manipulation, but as they lacked a thorough knowledge
of bee behavior they sometimes did the wrong thing at the wrong time
with disast^us results. The father had spent years making and writ-
ing down observations on the bees and reading, so that he had become
very well trained as a practical beekeeper ; he based practice upon bee
behavior.

The word that answers the question : What do most of the beekeep-
ers of the present lack most? is training. The very life and progress of
the industry are dependent upon training, and Illinois' place in bee-
keeping will only be secured as it should be for the future, by training
beekeepers. It seems as though there has been considerable misunder-
standing as to just what constitutes training. Many seem to have the
idea that experience is superior to schooling or other similar preparation,
but if I may venture a word here without giving offense to any of you,
let me warn you against the man who claims to have been keeping bees
for forty years. I don't know why so many of them use this number;
perhaps it lends them dignity. If anyone claims to have been at it that
long and has had his bees all die off several times, rest assured he has
not progressed very far. Avoid his advice, it may be wrong. We don't
want to exalt inefficiency though it be as old as the world; we want
quality and results. Though your presence here bespeaks progressive-
ness, one beekeeper who expressed his views by the statement that "there
Arill have to be a lot of funerals before beekeeping makes the progress
it should," may be pretty nearly right. Perhaps all here present are in
such a frame of mind that you would profit by teaching, but there ar^
more whom one could teach for years but it would improve them but
little. Where then shall we look for our trained beekeepers?

The best answer to this question rests with the future beekeepers.
Although it may be rather late for some of us to begin now there is no
reason why even experienced men should not improve all they can, but
see to it that future beekeepers are given an opportunity to receive
training and preparation for their work. I do not vouch for the good I
could do men who have considerable experience, they may know more

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 57

than I do, but if you will give lue young men who are interested in this
work I will turn out l)eekeepers who will be able to show results in com-
petition with anyone who lacks training. When I mention beekeepers I
don't merely mean persons who "keep bees/' anyone can do that, 1 refer
to those individuals who can go out and make beeculture pay dividends.

What constitutes training? Perhaps a little explanation here will
make my point clearer. The idea of many of the students, who have
come to me, was that they could learn beekeeping in a few weeks or
months at most. This idea has also pervaded the minds of a great many
of our school officials, because in my short experience some of them
have approached me with the request that I prepare my apiculture work
so as to give everything in one or two courses and they have insisted
that the entire subject be completed in not to exceed two school years.
While the most important of the work might be covered in four years,
a fairly thorough training could only be given in that time, if it con-
tinued during the summer as well as winter.

In order to become thoroughly trained one must have his prepara-
tion consist of the theoretical or knowledge phase of the work in com-
bination with the practical side of it. Or, we may say real thorough
training disciplines and acquaints the mind with the means of ascertain-
ing what is to be done or avoided, supplies the initiative for and co-
ordinates this with the physical, i. e. the mind and hands work together
in the carrying out of these needs in a prompt and skillful manner.

We may now consider briefly how this training may be obtained,
the older method of giving training was by apprenticeship, in which the
student, possibly a son, spent several years with an experienced bee-
keeper and learned by working under his direction. Others have begun
because they happened to catch an absconded swarm or perhaps by rob-
bing a bee tree, and have simply kept at it. Xo doubt in any case these
persons have also done some reading either from bee books, bulletins, or
bee journals, and obtained some information by attending beekeeper's
meetings. No doubt most of our present generation of beekeepers have
picked up their information piece-meal in this manner and added to it
their own experiences. While these methods are commendable in so
far as they go, they are all open to serious objection. In every one of
them there are many possibilities of one not being thorough : simplv
because of the difficulty for one without careful direction to properly
harmonize and systematize the material presented to him. This results
in his gaining a lot of information much of which he is unable to in-
terpret and reduce to its correct relationship with other known facts.
To use a familiar expression he finds himself "completely at sea,"' and
much of importance is omitted entirely.

We have an immense amount of beeculture literature, but only a
small proportion of it is available to the ordinary beekeeper, and even
less of what is available is read by him. This literature is conveniently
classified into four distinct groups. The most organized and perhaps
most comprehensive literature is that embraced in the text books on
beekeeping. This is generally available to the beekeeper and is a very
valuable aid to him in his work. While excellent for the general public

ob TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF TyTTC

there are none of those texts yet published which are entirely satis-
factory as texts for class use. The information is contained in them but
they are not fitted to our need, so you see there yet remains much to be
done in order to get our courses going the way they should. Another
class of literature and one of very great importance is that which ap-
pears in various scientific journals, as reports of the results of careful
investigations into some phase of bee activity. This literature can be
found only in libraries and in the hands of workers in specializing
scientific fields. Eelated to this type of literature is that circulated in
the form of bulletins by the national and state research institutions.
This is very accurate and valuable and should be in the hands of every-
one. These bulletins are published to meet a general but immediate
need of beekeepers for the information they contain, so generally they
are written accurately but in a popular style. The most popular kind
of literature is that furnished by the bee journals. They discuss and
exchange ideas and give much material in the nature of news, which
though important when published is of more transitory value. Some of
the ideas expressed through their columns also is of permanent value.
From this great accumulation of material we should be able to draw
and properly organize upon a sound scientific basis that which is of most
value.

Some of you may feel that I am trying to overemphasize the scien-
tific side of bee culture. If so, take a look 'around you at modern in-
dustry in any of its many branches. This has all been developed througa
the scientific application of natural laws. If you take agriculture as
an example and contrast what it was a few decades ago with the farming
of today; what do you see? A few decades ago farming was conducted
in much the same way as it had been conducted during hundreds of
years before, and so it remained until agricultural education was intro-
duced and science was applied to the problems of the farmer. Though
beeculture has been taught as a regular course in some of the countries
of Europe, for a good many years, it has received but little attention in
the schools of this country until the last few years. It is a sad reflection
that only this year (1932) a report on educational work given at the
meeting of the American Honey Producers' League contained the state-
ment that there is not a man in this country who has had thorough
specialized training in bee culture. There are several men trained as
entomologists, or along some other line, who have turned their atten-
tion to bee culture and they are doing good work; but while there is
progress being made under these conditions, we can't expect to make
the progress we should until we have specially trained men for this
work.

When an institution of learning proposes to give work in bee cul-
ture there are certain definite requirements that this work should meas-
ure up to, if it is to be of the greatest value. These can be summed up
as being: 1. practical; 2. the work must all be based upon correct
fundamental principles, i. e. upon the laws governing bee behavior;
3. it must be thorough; and 4, the greatest good can not come of that
work unless it is made available to everyone within the State who cares
to take up the work.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 59

No work is capable of meeting a distinct and definite need unless
it is planned to fulfill a definite purpose. The purpose for which these
courses should aim to prepare young men, and perhaps also women, may
be briefly sumiuarized to be: 1. Practical beekeepers, including as
specialties the production of either comb or extracted honey, queen
breeders, and producers of bees to supply the commercial demand for
package bees or nuclei. 2. Bee inspectors and extension workers; two
activities which should preferably go hand in hand. 3. Eesearch work-
ers to be attached to our State and National institutions to engage in
work aimed to furnish information of value to assist the beekeepers of
the country in the solution of their problems, and perhaps also to teach
classes in beeculture.

There are various methods of giving this work and there is no per-
son in the State but who might take advantage of one or more of these
methods of instruction without entailing unnecessary sacrifice on his
part. The most direct and more desirable method for all who could at-
tend school, is thorough instruction which should be given by the proper
educational institution of the State, as a regular course to students.
An admirable method more adapted to the needs of the average bee-
keeper would be by the organization and teaching of extension classes
over the State. Another method of great value is through correspond-
ence courses. Bee culture can be taught very successfully in this man-
ner if the work is carefully arranged and adequate texts provided. To
reach its highest degree of usefulness, however, the student must have
bees to observe and practice on during his course.

I may as well briefly outline the special equipment needed by a good
instructor for this work. 1. A good working library is not merely a
help, it is a necessity because of its ability, when properly used, to
broaden and give depth to the student's information. 2. A complete
apiary and equipment are indespensable in order to allow the students
some practice along with their class work. There should be at least
one colony of bees for each two beginning students, while advanced stu-
dents should have from five to ten colonies each, and for special work an
entire apiary. 3. In order to give complete and unlimited work, one
or more out-apiaries should be provided.

No student should be allowed to go out as a trained specialist in
beeculture until he has shown his proficiency by planning and either
doing or supervising the work of an entire apiary in an acceptable man-
ner for at least one entire season. If all who expect to engage in bee-
keeping as a livelihood could receive this rigid training, beekeeping
would become so much a part of them that they could meet any situ-
ation and master it successfully ; then Illinois' place in beekeeping would
be assured.

00 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

GROWING HUBAM.

(By Edw. A. Winkler, Joliet, III.)

Since Hubam seed can not be told from biennial sweet clover seed,
care should be used in buying seed, for there have been several already
who thought they were planting Hubam, only to find out later that they
had either the biennial or a southern variety of annual which blooms
late and from which it is hard to get a seed crop in the northern states.

If spring sowing is to be done in the north-central states, only
hulled seed should be used and it should be well sacrified.

If it is sown during the winter months, say about February, un-
hulled seed can be used, which will eliminate inoculation as unhulled
seed needs no inoculation.

The soil should be tested for acidity, for lime must be addeci. if the
soil is acid. In estimating the amount of lime necessary for growing
Hubam it should be remembered that whereas the biennial clovers make
their maximum growth the second year, Hubam must make its growth
in about six months, and should have about 50 per cent more limestone
added than is necessary for the biennial. In other words if a given
soil needs a two-ton limestone application, three tons should be used for
Hubam.

Limestone should be applied as far in advance of planting time as
possible. If at all possible, spread it during the winter months. Some
limestone is low in calcium carbonate, while others are high.

All soils do not need lime; but, if much acid is present and a good
stand of Hubam is desired, liming will mean the difference between suc-
cess and failure. I believe you can not apply too much lime on an acid
soil.

If you plant on soil that has not had a good growth of alfalfa or
sweet clover in the past two or three years, inoculation of the seed or soil
will be necessary. Complete data on this subject will be found iu
'■'Farmers' Bulletin Xo. 797," which can be secured from the Superin-
tendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.

I had good success in 1921-22 by pulverizing dried earth taken from
an embankment wheie biennial sweet clover has always grown very
thick. I pvit about two tablespoonfuls of furniture glue in a quart of
water, and mix a quart of this solution thoroughly into one bushel of
seed, then add one to two quarts of the pulverized soil, mixing it thor-
oughly. The seed will be dry and ready to plant when through mixing.
Inoculation should not be done until nearty ready to plant.

After seeding, the seed should be covered by rolling or harrowing
immediately, as the bright rays of the sun will kill the inoculation
within an hour or, two, if not covered.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES ASSOCIATION.

61

At the prevailing price of Hubam seed, growing Hubam commer-
cially in rows, cultivating and hand-weeding it are entirely out of the
question, and the difference in seed production planted alone broadcast
and seeded in a nurse crop with grain is so small that almost all acre-
ages of Hubam in the future will be planted in with grain.

If planting in with spring grains, it will be a good plan to disc
and harrow the grain seed in, then broadcast the Hubam seed, tying
a couple of beams from an old harrow with the teeth in them behind
the broadcast seeder and follow up with a corrugated roller. The culti-
packer is much better than the corrugated roller. In the absence of a

A Hubam stalk that produced seed in 1921. Hubam is a great seed producer.

roller, it is better to broadcast the Hubam seed before harrowing the
grain seed in. Sweet clover requires a well settled and firm seed bed,
with just enough, loose soil on the surface to permit the seed to be well
covered.

A field of oats and Hubam last April was planted with an endgate
seeder, first discing the oats in, then seeding the Hubam and harrowing
crosswise. It is a good plan to seed as early as the weather will per-
mit, the earlier the better. Although there is a critical time when the
seed is in the milk stage that a killing frost will injure it, as soon as
the clover has rooted it will stand some very cold weather. I had a
field in 1921 that was one inch out of the ground when it turned cold

62 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

and three inches of snow fell, yet the stand was good, very few plants
having been killed.

When planting in winter grain a good plan is to seed in very un-
settled weather with a hand grass-seeder that covers about 16 feet wide,
allowing the rains to wash the seed in, as at that time the soil is spongy
and porous and it is almost impossible to get the horses on it. Planting
with a press drill is much better if the .ground is dry early enough to
go on with a horse.

Some growers are advocating 15 pounds of Hubam seed per acre
when sown with grain. I have seen excellent stands that were planted,
10 pounds per acre, on well-limed soils. If the soil is hard clay 15
pounds will not be any too much, but lO pounds will be plenty on a
black bottom-land soil. I have seen very good stands this year planted
five pounds per acre, but they were a bit thin after the grain was cut
off. Seed that lies in the ground all winter seems to get a better start
in the spring than spring-planted seed.

Occasionally a plant of Hubam will seed its first year, live over
winter and will resemble the biennial but grows much larger than the
biennial. These plants are rare and rather far apart. Whether the
seed of the second year will revert to the biennial form or not is not
known, but I will plant a few ounces of this seed next spring to ascer-
tain what percentages will be annual and biennial.

The Hubam will be just starting to bloom when the grain is cut
off, and inside of two weeks after the grain is cut the stubbles will have
many shoots on and become whiter with bloom every day, especially if
a rain comes shortly after cutting the grain.

If sown in a nurse crop and nipped off with the grain, it is set back
a little ; but the field seems to mature more evenly, does not grow so
tall and rank, yet has many more branches than when seeded alone
broadcast.

Almost all fields here were cut with a grain binder earl}'^ in the
morning while the dew was on, although good success was obtained on
one field cut with a self-rake mower. While there may have been some
seed lost when cut with the mower, two bags of seed per load were se-
cured. Time in cutting as well as twine was saved. Farmers' Bul-
letin Xo. 836 gives complete data on harvesting and thrashing the seed
crop.

A good way to determine when the seed crop is ready to cut is to
test several average places in the field. Draw an armful together as if
it were cut and tied wdth a binder. Then determine whether three-
fourths of the seed pods in the bundle are brown to black. If so, it i^
ready to cut, for there is enough nourishment in the stalks for the other
one-fourth, they being all full-grown.

There will still be some in bloom at the time of cutting, but one
must take the average. The lowest land, whicli will not be so far along,
may be left a week longer. Being so late at the tim.e of harvesting,
Hubam needs about two weeks to dry before hulling.

The N"o. 9 Birdsell Huller is the only huller I know of that is
adapted to hulling sweet clover successfully. The huller being a rather

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'' ASSOCIATION. 63

complicated machine and sweet clover hulling a bit new, very few hull-
ing jobs I have seen have been satisfactory. I believe the fault lies
with the operator of the machine. Most operators fail to set the rasps
up close enough and allow some seed to come out unhulled; whereas
if enough wind is put on and the tailboard lowered, all unhulled seed
will be blown over into the tailing elevator to continue around through
the rasp again.

Although the seed is not quite clean when run through a grain
separator equipped with the hauling attachments, it gets all the seed
and hulls every seed. The regular clover sieve made of perforated
zinc, which is part of the equipment, has perforations too small; but in
using regular window screen of the 14-mesh galvanized wire, all the
unhulled clover passes over it and into the auger and thence back
through concaves, while the hulled seed passes through the screen and
out the spout. The seed has a little more chaff and dirt, but is readily
cleaned up with a good fanning mill.

The expense of a separator is much less than the huller and takes
the clover just as fast as a No. 9 Birdsell. All that is needed extra is
the hulling attachments, which can be bought very reasonably.

64 TWENTT-SECON'D ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

WINTERING BEES IN ILLINOIS.

(Bij E. F. Phillips, Apiculturisi, U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D. C.)

The subject chosen for this paper may be slightly misleading, in
that the discussion is not confined strictly to conditions peculiar to the
State. Illinois lies in that part of the United States in which wintering
has certain peculiar difficulties, and in order to bring these out, the
general problem for the middle latitudes of the eastern United States
must be discussed. These difficulties in wintering in the region where
the winters are not exceedingly severe have not been discussed in the
beekeeping literature so thoroughly as have those which arise from ex-
tremely low temperatures. In regions where there are usually several
days during the winter when the bees can fly, beekeepers quite properly
have decided not to winter their bees in cellars. Perhaps a special
danger lies in the fact that where weather conditions are not so severe
the beekeeper is often tempted to give the bees less care at this season
than they demand, and this neglect is greater than would be possible in
regions of colder weather. The winter losses in moderate climates are
as high as, and sometimes higher than, those in regions much farther
north, which is adequate proof of the seriousness of the problem.

For the outdoor wintering of bees, the first thing that comes to
mind is insulation of the hives to prevent the loss of heat from the bees.
That this is vitally important can not be questioned, yet it sometimes
receives undue emphasis in the minds of beekeepers. In providing in-
sulation, attention should be given to the fact that the heat of the cluster
may be lost in all directions almost equally. Some beekeepers place
packing material on top of the hive and leave the rest unprotected;
others insulate the top and sides and leave the bottom unprotected. In-
sulation or packing is placed about the hive to prevent the rapid escape
of heat generated by the cluster. If insulation is placed at any one part
of the hive, the heat tends to escape less rapidly at that point, but if
some other part is left unprotected, the heat, with almost uncanny
directness, goes to the point of easier escape and is lost to the cluster.
It is well known that warmed air tends to rise, this being one of the
most commonly observed phenomena of heat, and on this basis alone
beekeepers sometimes conclude that if they retard the loss of heat at
the top of the hive, the heat will not be lost. This is, of course, false
reasoning, for the heated air circulates through the hives and the heat
may escape elsewhere. Tests which have been made (published in
Department of Agriculture Circular 222) show that in commercial
double-walled hives the greatest loss of heat is through the unprotected

ILLINOIS STATE BBEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 65

bottoms. This is clear evidence that a beekeeper who leaves any con-
siderable portion of the hive unprotected is not giving the bees much
actual protection.

The amount to which the entrance should bo closed has been a
subject of warm debate, some beekeepers leaving the entrance as open
as in summer, even though the hive is packed, while others close the
entrance as much as possible. It sometimes happens that a small en-
trance is clogged by dead bees, and therefore the beekeeper finds himself
between the danger of allowing the bees to become too cold and that of
smothering them. The happy medium would be to have the entrance
just so that it will not be clogged and also so that the bees will not be
subjected to too great cold. How shall the beekeepers determine what
this point is? In the first place, the clogging of the entrance is char-
acteristic of inadequately protected colonies, it never occurring in
thoroughly protected, well provisioned, strong colonies, except perhaps
through some accident in the adjustment of the packing material. In
thoroughly protected hives the inside temperature throughout the hive
is sufficiently high so that the^ bees clean out their dead and cast them
outside the hive even in zero weather, and under such circumstances
there will be no accumulation of dead bees at the entrance. On the
other hand, for improperly protected hives, there is serious danger in
closing the entrance too much. Leaving the entrance wide open to a
large degree nullifies the benefit from what packing is used, for if too
little packing is used the entrance must be left so wide open that there
is a rapid loss of heat at that point. It is a safe rough rule that a
colony that during the coldest weather can not stand an entrance re-
duced to a three-fourths inch hole is insufficiently packed. The size of
the colony has very little to do with this, except that weak colonies
usually need a larger entrance than do larger ones, because of less ability
to clean out the hive in cold weather. This is quite the opposite of what
many beekeepers have reasoned out for themselves, on an incorrect con-
ception of the physics of the hive. It may be added that without bottom
packing a small entrance is always dangerous, which is additional reason
for thorough packing beneath.

Having now discussed briefly the two points on which beekeepers
argue most, it may be well to go to perhaps the most important phase
of wintering in mild climates, namely the question of stores. In the
far north the honeys are whiter than they are, even from the same
species of plant, farther south. The increased darkness of the honeys
in the middle latitudes is an indication of the cause of perhaps the
greatest loss in these regions. Dark honeys usually contain more ma-
terials which the bees can not digest than do the lighter ones, and this
indigestible material accumulates in the bees to cause the condition
commonly known as dysentery. In the southern states where the bees
fly almost daily, this accumulation usually causes no trouble, but in the
most northern parts of the country it would be almost sure death to
every bee in the apiary to winter on such honey. In the middle latitudes
where occasional flights usually occur, beekeepers often fail to realize

— 5 B A

66 TWENTT-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

wjiat their losses from this source actually are. The beekeeper usually
speaks of his bees having dysentery only after they begin to spot the
hives, but a careful study of bees during winter reveals the fact that
they show increased activity from the accumulation of feces long before
they spot the hive. Unless they have frequent flights the bees may be
so worn out from this cause that, while there may be live bees in the
hive in the spring, they are capable of very little real work during the
heavy brood-rearing period of spring.

This, then, is perhaps the greatest cause of weak colonies in the
middle latitudes, and while the actual average percent of full colonies
that die is no greater in this region than in the region of better winter-
ing stores farther north, the actual loss is often even greater than it is
a hundred miles farther north. There is no adequate way to express
loss from weakening of the colonies from this cause, and, in fact, bee-
keepers often overlook it entirely.

The remedy is a fairly simple one, and has been given so often in
print that it should not be necessary to repeat it, except that many
beekeepers have not recognized the fact that it applies especially to the
middle latitudes. In the fall, soon after all brood-rearing has ceased
but before cold weather comes, bees usually take down warm thick
sugar syrup readily. They do not store this syrup in the same part of
the hive to which surplus honey is taken during a summer honey-flow,
but now place it below the circle of honey in the brood-combs, just where
it will be used first during the winter. Ten pounds of sugar as a thick
syrup will carry the bees through, if they have a fair amount of packing,
until such time as flights are fairly frequent, after which the indigestible
materials in dark honey do no harm. Better results will be obtained if
this syrup is inverted by the use of acid during the process of manu-
facture. This method is found in any good bee book. Many beekeepers
argue that this inversion is unnecessary, since they do not recognize the
work required from the bees for this effort. Space will not permit a
full discussion of this point here.

It is often hard to convince a beekeeper of the middle latitudes that
his honey is not the very best for winter food. He is perhaps not fam-
iliar with the lighter honeys from the North, or, like all humans, he
thinks that what he himself has produced is the finest product possible,
but the fact is plain to everyone who has had opportunity to see honeys
from all parts of the country that the whitest honeys are characteristic
of the North. There are certain exceptions from high altitudes, some
arid regions, and a few other places, which do not vitiate the general
statement for the eastern United States made above, these exceptions
being however no exceptions to the general rule as based on the physi-
ology of plants.

Another factor in the poor wintering 'stores in the middle latitudes
is that there are many plants belonging to the Compositae (asters,
goldenrods, sunflowers, etc.) which here secrete nectar in the fall, and
in this region these honeys are poor for winter. That these come in the
fall of the year, rather than in the spring or summer, is rather un-
fortunate for the beekeeper, for in the fall they are normally stored just

ILLINOIS STATE BBEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION, 67

where the bees will reach them during the coldest weather. It is inter-
esting to note that some of these same species which cause such poor
honey for winter produce honeys farther north which are fairly good for
wintering, even with the longer confinement of the Xortlu To the
general rule that dark honeys are poor for winter, one exception must
be stated, namely that buckwheat honey is good for wintering, the color
here -being of different character. There is almost no buckwheat honey
produced in those regions which are here being discussed, since this
plant secretes nectar well only in regions of cooler summers.

There are other difficulties of the middle latitudes which can not
be discussed fully here, and some of these have an application to the
wintering problem. The journals often give reports of beekeepers in the
North who divide a single colony into perhaps ten small nuclei and at
the beginning of winter have from them ten good colonies. The middle
latitude beekeeper may be inclined to disbelieve this tale, for in his
region such increase is virtually impossible. Beekeeping is full of the
most astonishing apparent paradoxes, several of which have been men-
tioned earlier, but these apparent paradoxes are only apparent, not real.
There is rarely if ever as heavy a daily nectar secretion in the middle
latitudes as in the J^'orth, there is usually a long dearth in summer and
the fall secretion of nectar is less intense, all of which factors combine
to make it more difficult to get a small nucleus to full strength in a few
weeks, as can frequently be done in the Xorth.

These difficulties have been mentioned here, not so much to give
the full details of methods for overcoming them, as to impress on the
beekeepers of this region the fact that with them the wintering problem
is fully as serious a matter as it is for their fellow-worker a hundred
miles or more to the north. Because of these difficulties a beekeeper
may year after year winter his bees badly and never discover it, unless
his attention is called to it. In many cases colonies stay weak year
after year because they never have a fair start in the spring, and this
may happen without the knowledge of the beekeeper. With so serious
a problem, the middle-latitude beekeeper should study the literature on
wintering with the greatest care and should aim to apply every pre-
caution to prevent loss, and especially to prevent weakening of the
colonies. He will have all the harder time with this because he will to
a considerable degree be alone in his effort and may not have the council
of neighbor beekeepers who have succeeded in preventing the losses. The
beekeeper who is not making the most of his locality in the middle
latitudes will do well to imitate the wintering methods of his co-workers
farther north to the greatest degree practicable.

It would be quite possible to cite instances in the middle latitudes
where excellent crops of honey might be obtained, but which are lost by
most beekeepers because of poor methods of wintering. There can be
no doubt that Illinois, and every other state in the middle latitudes, is
full of such instances. A careful study of the needs of the bees is the
only way to prevent a constant loss of the type here outlined, and with
this must go the full realization of the beekeeper of this region that he
has a harder problem to solve because of the very traditions which have
grown up about- the business in his region.

08 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

POPULAR ERRORS.

(By C. P. Dadani, Hamilton, III.)

Many popular errors are injurious to the beekeeping interests, be-
cause tliey create an unfair prejudice against bees. To know what these
are, and to be prepared to answer them and demolish them is of great
importance to the honey producer. If we could educate the people
properly upon these matters, we could secure a much greater regard
for our industry.

I will therefore confine myself to a consideration of the errors
usually current among the public on the question of bees and honey.

One of the most common errors is to believe that bees are injurious
to sound fruit, principally grapes. The grape grower, in times of
honey scarcity, when his grapes are ripening, sees bees upon damaged
grapes and takes it for granted that they are the authors of the dam-
age. This is incorrect. Bees cannot damage sound fruit. The
physiological fact is that their mandibles are not armed with teeth.
They are made of a horny substance, and are shaped much like spoons,
working together sidewise instead of up and down like our own jaws.
They can pull apart cloth, paper, and some harder substances, because
they take hold of minute fiber that project and pull upon them until the
fabric conies apart. But the skin of fruits is smooth and hard enough
to prevent them from boring through it. Some people think that the
bees sting the fruit. That is another mistake. If they did so, some
of their poison would get into the fruit and make it deadly to them as
well as to other insects, for the poison of the bees is stronger than that
of the rattlesnake, though in much more infinitesimal quantity.

The actual test which proves that bees cannot damage sound fruit
is that we can starve them on it. Take a bunch of sound, ripe grapes,
crush one berry, puncture another berry slightly with a pin, then put
the bunch in the center of a hive of bees, right in the cluster. Ex-
amine it the next day, and you will find that the crushed berry has
been entirely sucked dry, that the punctured berry has been sucked down
to a certain depth, but that no other berry has been touched.

So the bees cannot damage sound fruit and their action upon
damaged fruit is simply a provision of nature which dictates that noth-
ing should be lost. However, in the case 'of bees, if a bad winter comes
and they have much of this unsound juice in their hives, it makes them
sick and many die, for it ferments and even turns to vinegar in the
cells.

Many people take things for granted, without hunting for proof,
other than a casual observation. That is not astonishing; and we would

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 69

all be inclined to assert, for example, that the sun turns around the
earth, instead of the earth turning on itself in 24 hours. It took the
knowledge of the astronomers to teach us that the sun is immovable,
as far as we are concerned, and that we are revolving in space at the
speed of a cannon ball. So a man is quite excusable in believing things
that are not so, although they appear so.

Another error common among the people, though in less degree
than the former, is that bees damage flowers when they work uponr
them. Bees are beneficial to flowers. In fact many flowers need the
agency of insects to fertilize their fruit. Apple trees, pear, plum,
cherries, raspberries and many other fruits would be barren if it were
not for the insects which help distribute the pollen upon their pistils
or female parts.

Horticulturists have tried covering apple buds with gauze and
keeping them covered until after the bloom, and in all cases, few if
any of those blossoms bore fruit. Similarly if the blooming takes place
in rainy weather, when insects such as bees cannot visit the blossoms,
the blooming is a failure. Of if a very strong wind blows during the
best of the blooming, one will perceive that the tree has most of its
fruit on the sheltered side, the insects having been unable to withstand
the strength of the wind on the windy side.

There are plants upon which the male and female parts are on
different blossoms. Such are the melon, the pumpkin, the cucumber.
If you look carefully at the blossoms of these plants you will see that
some have the rudiments of the fruit under them while others look
barren, having only a blossom with stamens, but no little round fruit
under. These are the male blossoms, which bear the pollen or
fecundating dust of the flower for the other blossoms.

Among strawberries, there are kinds which are only staminate,
others pistillate. Without the help of the bees those strawberries are
barren.

We might go on indefinitely on this subject. Clover for instance
needs the bees to fertilize and to bear seed. You are probably aware
that the first crop of red clover does not yield much seed. That comes
from the fact that the bumblebee is ordinarily the only bee that can get
honey from the long corolla of the red clover. There are but few
bumblebees in spring, so there is but little fertilizing of the clover.
But in summer, when the second crop blooms, the bumblebees are
numerous and it is readily fertilized. The honeybee cannot suck honey
out, of red clover, except in some extraordinary seasons when its corolla
is short. In 1916, the dry spring caused the red clover to have a short
corolla in our vicinity and the result was that the farmers were greatly
astonished to find that the first crop had plenty of seed. We knew why,
for we had seen our bees harvest honey from it.

Eed clover failed to yield any seed, in Australia, until at Darwin's
suggestion, they imported bumblebees into that country.

It is therefore very evident that bees are beneficial to flowers. The
horticulturists who, thoughtlessly, spray their orchards during the
bloom and thus poison many bees, are working against their own in-

70 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

terests as well as those of their neighbor beekeepers. The proper time
to spray an orchard is just before and just after the bloom. Spraying
during the bloom also destroys much of the pollen by diluting it in
poison and thus decreasing many chances of fertilization.

Another error often made by the public is to think that the little
yellow or brown pellets that the honeybee brings to the hive are bees-
wax. Those pellets are pollen, the fertilizing dust of the flowers which
T have just mentioned. The bee gathers this pollen to be used in feeding
its young, the larvae which occupy the cells and grow there, finally
transforming themselves into perfect winged insects. The queen lays
eggs into the cells ; in 3 days those eggs hatch into little worms which
are nursed until they are large enough for their transformation into
chrysalis. Then the bees seal the cell with a capping of wax and other
material. At the end of 21 days from the time the egg was laid, a
young bee with wings comes out of the cell. The food of this young
bee while in the larval or worm state is a pap made by the digestion of
honey and pollen in the stomach of the nurse bees. Beeswax, instead
of being brought in from outside, is produced within their bodies, much
like the production of milk in the cow or fat in the hog. Wax is a
fatty substance and its production is made from honey, voluntarily or
involuntarily by the bees, and it takes as much honey to produce a
pound of wax as it takes corn or feed to produce a pound of fat. The
proportion depends, as we all know, upon the conditions in which the
animal finds itself, being greater when conditions are unfavorable and
less when they are favorable. It is commonly accepted that comb costs
the bees from 7 to 20 pounds of honey for each pound of comb pro-
duced, the average amount required being about 10 pounds to 1. So
if we can sell our honey at 20 cents per pound, the comb in which the
bees store it costs us $2 per pound. That is why we use what is called
a honey extractor, a machine which throws the honey out of the comb
by centrifugal force without damaging it, so that it may be returned
to the hive to be filled again. Extracted honey costs the beekeeper about
half what comb honey in sections costs him to produce. That is why
extracted honey often sells at less than comb honey, though it is in
every way as good.

Another error is to believe that all honey should be alike in color
and flavor. Honey varies just as much, in taste and in looks, as flow-
ers vary. White clover honey is usually water white and of a very mild
taste. Basswood honey is also white, but of very aromatic flavor,
tasting just like basswood blossoms smell. Heartsease honey is. of
pink amber, Spanish needle and golden rod honeys are of bright yel-
low color and strong flavor. Buckwheat honey is dark brown and
smells and tastes just as one can imagine when passing by a field of
buckwheat in full bloom. Honey-dew, which is a product of plant
lice, is the poorest of all, being almost black and of very indifferent
flavor. But all honey is sweet, containing about 8.5 per cent of sac-
charine matter, while the vile glucose made of corn starch and sold
under golden names, such as Karo, or Redclover, or other fancy names,
contains less than 30 per cent of sweetness. People who fear aVlulter-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION, 71

ation in lioney should taste it. They would soon recognize whether it
was sweeter than those cheaper syrups.

j\Iany people are also unaware of the fact that honey will harden,
granulate, or candy, when it is exposed to cool temperatures after it has
been taken out of the combs. Many imagine that such honey is either
spoiled or adulterated, when the fact is that the granulation of honey
is a test of purity. The people who imagine that honey "turned to
sugar," as commonly said, are helping the dealers in cheap corn syrup
to fool them by making them believe that that cheap product is better
than granulated honey. The fact is that honey has three times the
sweetening power of commercial glucose.

By the way, here is another popular error which should be de-
molished. That is the belief that there is such a thing as manufactured
comb honey. One of the noted chemists of the United States some
forty years ago, told as a hoax that there were factories where the honey
comb was manufactured out of paraffine, filled with commercial glucose,
and sealed over by machinery. He also said that there were manufac-
tures of eggs and that the only difference between those eggs and the
natural hen's eggs was that the former could not hatch.

This story was accepted as true by many newspapers at that time
and there are still many who believe that there is such a thing as
manufactured comb honey. The chemist who invented that story ex-
cused himself by saying that he did not think people would be so gul-
lible as to believe it. But we find it necessary to fight it even at this
late date, because since the invention of comb foundation, the combs
of honey in little sections are always straight and almost perfect and
this helps to entertain the error.

Aside from the fact that the making of the entire comb is an im-
possibility, there is a very easy way to convince the man who will listen
of the incorrectness of this idea. The combs of bees are just like the
leaves of trees, although all built in the same way, on a similar pat-
tern, there are no two alike. You might spend a whole day putting
tree leaves side by side, you should never find two exactly alike, no more
ihan you would find two men exactly alike. In the same manner, you
might spend a whole day placing sections of honey side by side, yon
v;ould find no two combs alike. If they were made by machinery there
might be half a dozen patterns but you would find many exactly alike.

That which gave plausibility to the story was the manufacture oP
comb foundation, which is the making of the base of the honey comb
out of beeswax, the bees' own product, and giving it to them to build
upon. This secures perfectly straight combs and makes the labor of
the beekeeper a pleasure, in the production of honey. But the bees ac-
cept only beesM^ax foundation. Attempt by dishonest manufacturers
to give them foundation made out of a mixture of paraffine, have al-
Avays proven a failure, for they know their own product and will accept
no other.

Now there is still another error into which even inexperienced
beekeepers fall, that is the belief that the little bee-moth can do injury
to bees. The bee-moth feeds upon old combs. The winged moth lays

72 TWKNTY^-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

its eggs at the entrance or on the cracks of the hives of bees, and when
a colony is too weak to care for its combs the little worm which hatches
enters the hive, makes webs through the combs and finally destroys it.

In other words, the moth grub is a scavenger, just like the grub of
the carrion fly which devours the bodies of dead animals which are left
exposed to the air in summer. But the moth can no more injure a
healthy colony of bees, which contains a queen and a sufficient number
of bees to cover its combs, than the carrion fly can kill a healthy cow
by laying eggs upon its hide. Both the moth and the carrion fly have
a mission to fulfill and if we suffer from their actions we have only our-
selves to blame. The trouble, in the case of bees, is that when a colony
is very weak, the bees in it crowd about the entrance all day long and
the casual observer may imagine that the colony is strong, while prob-
ably all the bees are there, on the outside. When night comes, the bees
reenter the hive ; then the moth, which isi a night bird, comes and lays its
eggs near the door. The tiny little creatures, when they hatch, enter
the hive and hide in the combs, eating their way as they go. Soon the
hive is entirely filled with them and the beekeeper says : The moth
killed my bees. It is only his ignorance which is the cause of their
death.

It is very important for beekeepers to fight these more or less un-
reasonable errors, for most of them work to their detriment with the
masses. If no one mistrusted the purity of the honey which our bees
iproduce, the sales of honey would be eight or ten times as numerous.
In fact we could probably not fill all the requirements of the trade, in
our most successful seasons. So it behooves us to post the public in
every way on the popular errors concerning bees and honey.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 73

THE FUTURE OF ILLINOIS BEEKEEPING.

(By A. a. am CUcago, III.)

Your secretary wrote that he was putting me on the program for
an address here. I am not given to making addresses^ and I Avill not
try to do so.

I do not want, however, to let this opportunity pass without some
say in this way. I want to express my faith in the future of the bee-
keping business and particularly as it pertains to Illinois.

Concerning the economic conditions of the country I am optimistic.
Eecently I sat in a session of the Southern Commercial Congi'ess at
Chicago and heard of the earnest effort being made to get this old
world on a more stable basis. Men are studying seriously how business
relationships between Europe and this country can be put on a more
stable basis, and undoubtedly in the not distant future commerce will
be moving in abandoned channels and on a more normal basis again.

The effort to put through ship subsidy legislation and efforts to
broaden our credit system to relieve agricultural distress are examples
of what our leaders of men are doing to improve conditions, and I
doubt not but that the difficulties of the present time will rapidly be
overcome. As we are nearing the end of our financial depression period
there is more honesty, integrity and earnest effort in every industry.
Men are realizing that only as every man produces his full share will
there be abundance for all.

This is the day and age when the philosophy of the brotherhood of
man prevails. Formerly every man was pretty much a separate entity
in the work of the world. He made nearly all the things he used. Today
we are very dependent on the other fellow, and any advancement for
the common good must be the result of combined effort ; of cooperation
by the mass of men.

These are times therefore when naturally men will consider an-
other's welfare and the good of the whole as never before. If we have
leadership our beekeepers will rally to support a good program. It is a
logical time to press the needs of beekeepers before each other beekeeper
and those Avho have power and authority to act in legislative matters,
and it is a time when consideration will be given a demand for courses
in beekeeping, experimental work to determine best methods, and exten-
sion endeavor on the part of the State.

I am not going to undertake to say just what we need from the
hands of the State. That is a thing which will require careful' study
on the part of some of our beekeepers. I am not one of those who be-
lieve in throwing away all the old and starting all new again. I believe

74

TWENTY-SECOXD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

we have had some earnest endeavor made to improve conditions and
things are much better than they might have been even though the
appropriations have been very meager. Rather I should say that on the
foundations already laid we must build for the future.

In a general way then we want every young man or young woman
who wants to study bee culture to have as good an opportunity here
in Illinois as is given in neighboring states. We want as good plans
for prevention, eradication, and extermination of disease as are made
in any neighboring state, and we want a sufficient appropriation to work

Sugar candy inserted in ths cluster makes an excellent way to feed in very

early spring.

these plans. We want an extension program by which a knowledge of
correct methods can be taken to the beekeepers who cannot come to a
University to study.

As to inspection and the spreading of a knowledge of beekeeping,
our best beekeepers must always be ready to lend themselves generously.
Beekeepers cannot afford to hold aloof from their fellow beekeepers.
I know of a number of beekeepers who without consideratioii of pay
have- spent days in helpiiig neighbor beekeepers — teaching them to care
for their bees right and helping them free themselves of disease when
found. Friendlv cooperation among beekeepers will help greatly in

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 75

improving community conditions and eliminate much of the cutting
in selling prices.

In the matter of inspection, regardless of what our State appro-
priation may be our beekeepers in every locality should be ready to
respond in friendly aid — by gathering information relative to the loca-
tion of every apiary and with their automobiles and knowledge of local-
ities aiding in rapid -movement of inspectors.

Inspection and extension work in particular and University courses
are apt to be expensive undertakings so far as each item of work done
is concerned. Men traveling about lose time and spend money so that
large appropriations are easily consumed. We must ask for a much
larger appropriation, but I want to plead for a most earnest study on the
part of our beekeeper leaders that plans be made so that every dollar
of this money will produce results.

In the placing of men in positions to serve our beekeeping industry
I hope we can always have honest men who will work hard to earn the
money paid them. These men ought to have in experimental work,
educational programs, and inspection work jobs big enough for them.

In conclusion let me say that I am hoping Illinois may get on just
as high a plane and just as substantial basis relative to its beekeeping
industry as neighboring states. Sweet clover is being cultivated widely
and spreading over the State, and it is rapidly improving as a honey pro-
ducing State. Illinois should rank with Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin,
[owa and other states in the importance of its beekeeping industry and
the attention given it by the State.

76 TWENTY-SECOXD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

COST OF HONEY PRODUCTION.

(By FranTc C. Pellett, Associate Editor American Bee Journal,

Hamilton, III.)

Farming is one of those uncertain enterprises in which it is im-
possible to reduce the cost of production per pound or per bushel to a
certain definite figure. The cost varies greatly according to the size of
the crop and there is no way of gauging in advance the amount which
can be produced from a given area.

The manufacturer whose raw materials have a fairly stable cost and
whose output is constant, can estimate the cost of production in advance
and finds but little variation from time to time. ' The farmer, on the
other hand, is subject to so many factors which are beyond his control
that his costs must vary accordingly. Heat, cold or rainfall determine
the quantity of his output to a large extent, yet he is unable to control
them. Animal and plant diseases and insect pests are beyond his reach,
although to some extent they can be controlled or their injury curtailed.
Their presence, however, increases his cost of production.

In any line of agriculture the cost of production up to a certain
point is the same for a big crop as for a poor one, or for no crop at all.
The cost of harvesting will be smaller in case of a failure, but the other
items remain the same. The cost per bushel or per pound will be high
or low according to the size of the output.

Beekeeping Problems.

The beekeeper is still somewhat in the dark as to some of the
factors which determine the quantity of his production. The raw ma-
terial from which his finished product is made is nectar, a thin watery
fluid found in the flowers. The quantity of nectar available to the bees
varies greatly under different conditions. Xot only must there be an
abundance of bloom, but other conditions must be favorable also if the
beekeeper gets a crop. The nature of the soil has an important influ-
ence on the quantity of nectar secreted, but there are other factors also,
for blooms yield nectar freely one year and not another, on the same
soil. Temperature, humidity and rainfall all have an influence, as
well as some other factors which are not, as yet, understood.

The beekeeper has made great advancement in his knowledge of
essentials in the past few years, and beekeeping is a far more dependable
occupation than it was a generation ago.

N

illinois state beekeepers association. 77

Limits of a Location.

In other lines of agricujture one can increase the size of his plant
up to the limit of his capital or ability in one situation. In beekeeping,
however, it often becomes necessar}^ to scatter his bees over a wide area
because of the limited amount of forage within reach. If we take 500
colonies (hives) of bees as the average number owned by a commercial
beekeeper, we find a great difference in the necessar}^ overhead depending
upon his locality.

In northern Georgia there are places where it is not possible to
keep more than 25 to 30 colonies in one yard with profit. In spite of
this fact, the writer knows men who own as high as 800 colonies in that
region. It will require about twenty apiary sites which must be at
least two or three miles apart to care for the 500 colonies which we have
taken as an average. In localities which will support such small units
there is much waste land, and rentals for suitable situations are usually
low.

In contrast, however, there are locations in the buckwheat region
in Xew York where 300 to 600 colonies are kept in one apiary. The
writer has visited beekeepers there who keep 500 or more colonies in
one yard and thus reduce expenses to a minimum. There are few places
which will not support more than 35 colonies and fewer yet which will
support as many as 500. In general, it may be said that the average
locality will maintain from 50 to 125 colonies in one yard.

Factors of Cost.

From the above it will be seen that one of the big items of expense
is transportation. The final item of freight on the finished product
from apiary to market is small compared to the cost of auto travel to
and from the various apiaries day after day during the season. Many
beekeepers use large trucks for outyard work, and the mileage on such
a machine is heavy. In California and some other western states, mi-
gratory beekeeping is practiced and the same apiary is moved two or
more times during the year in an effort to get a harvest from sources
not within reach of a single site. In many large concerns the item of
transportation is nearly as large as the labor cost, if we include with
transportation the loss of time consumed in travel.

At the Dadant apiaries, which are distributed for about 35 miles
along the Mississippi River near Hamilton, Illinois, the labor cost for
one year was $1,925.00, while for the same year the transportation cost
was "^$875.00. The following year the labor cost was $1,400.00 and
transportation cost was $738.00. There are about 700 colonies of bees
in nine yards. Since the bees are handled along with other work only
such time as was actually spent in caring for them was charged against
them. Where a man has no other business his entire time for the year
will have to be considered as part of the cost.

While transportation and labor are the big items of expense in
honey production on a large scale, there are other items which add no

78 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

small sum to the total. Interest on the investment and depreciation of
equipment, sugar for feeding when natural stores fall short, queens to
replace those which fail, containers for the crop and rental of apiary
sites must be included.

Some Colorado Figures.

The only figures available are for the years 1919 and 1920 when
everything was at the peak. There was some slight reduction for 1921,
but the reduction in cost was not in line with the reduced selling prices.
Beekeepers will be compelled to greatly reduce costs in order to make a
profit at present prices. In many cases, the principal labor cost is that
of the owner of the apiaries who gives his own time and takes what is
left after expenses are paid.

Frank Eauchfuss, the Secretary of the Colorado Honey Producers
Association, figured that at 1920 prices a Colorado beekeeper operating
500 colonies for extracted honey would have $14,000.00 invested in the
business. The total expenses of operation, including labor, interest on
investment and transportation was $5,476.00. For 500 colonies engaged
in comb honey production he figured an investment of $9,262.00 and
an operating cost of $4,364.00.

Mr. Eauchfuss shows that with extracted honey at 15 cents per
pound the bees would show a loss with an average production of 70
pounds per colony, while with an average crop of 100 pounds per colony
the 500 colonies would show a profit of $1,500.00. With comb honey
at $5.50 to $7.00 per case, according to grade, an average of 48 pounds
per colony would show a profit of $1,448.00.

Since these figures were made, selling prices have greatly declined,
and the beekeepers are trying to reduce operating costs to a point which
will permit them to sell on the present market and still live.

Profit or Loss.

The public estimates the profits of beekeeping to a great extent on
the basis of the dozen colonies in the back yard. These back-lot apiaries
occupy what would otherwise be waste space and take only the otherwise
idle time of the owner. Whatever crop is secured is largely velvet. Dur-
ing the period of high prices there were frequent editorial comments on
the high price of honey. Such usually remarked that the bees were
still working for nothing and boarding themselves, and that accordingly
the beekeeper must be a profiteer for accepting higher prices for his
product.

In 1919, the Dadant apiaries already mentioned produced a crop
of 41,800 pounds of honey which sold in barrels at 18 cents per pound.
In spite of the high operating costs the bees showed a profit of $3,885.70.

In 1920, on the other hand, the crop was smaller, with costs of
production practically the same and the profit was only $135.00. In
1921 the operating costs were still high and the crop small, with the
result that the bees showed a material loss.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. 79

While the skilled beekeeper does make money during a long series
of years, it is through good management and the production of large
crops, and not because of light running expenses. The man who is so
fortunately situated that he can keep all of his bees in one or two yards
operates at greatly reduced costs, and increases his net profits ac-
cordingly.

80 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

THE EFFECT OF SPRAYING ON BEES.

(By H. F. Wilsoi% Madison, Wisconsin.)

Since the beginning of the practice of spraying with poisons to
destroy insect pests, beekeepers at one time and another have suffered
■very serious losses by having their bees poisoned. There has been some
discussion back and forth among beekeepers and fruit growers as to
whether or not bees were poisoned in any great number from spray ap-
plied while the trees were in full bloom.

I, myself, have been undecided in this matter but a few cases
called to my attention by Wisconsin beekeepers compel me to believe
that bees will work on arsenical sprayed trees and do die as a result
of feeding on nectar, spray liquid or pollen from sprayed trees.

I am going to cite only one example to show the effect of poison on
bees. There are others, but, I think, this one will prove the point. In
1920, Mr. W. A. Price * published the results of a number of experi-
ments carried on by himself which were conducted in a definite and
scientic manner giving results which are indisputable. In prepara-
tion of the experiments large wire screen cages were built arounS three
apple trees about 12 years old. The ground beneneath the cages was
covered with cheese cloth to catch the dead bees as they fell. One tree
was sprayed with lime sulfur and arsenate of lead; another was
dusted with sulfur and a third was used as a check. Then a colony of
bees was placed in each cage. Mr. Price writes, "These three colonies
were normal, healthy, colonies with plenty of stores at the beginning
of the experiment. The bees were not compelled to work the blossoms
for food ; and their activities generally were such as would arise from
choice.'^ * * * "jjj front of the hives in the sprayed and dusted
trees there were piles of dead bees. This may be explained on the basis
of death occurring in the hive and the bodies being carried out by the
other workers. There were no dead bees in the hives at the end of the
experiment. The spot directly in front of the hive and the floor near
the walls contained the large majority of the dead bodies, but the entire
floor of the cage was always well littered with dead. Those found
directlv under the trees probablv died on the blossoms and later fell to
the floor."

The experiment was started April 30, 1919 and was completed
May 15, 1919. At the end of the experiment there were 3, 689 dead
and 15,726 live bees or a mortality of 19 per cent in the check cage.
In the experiment with the sprayed tree there were 11,627 dead and
7,223 live bees or 69 per cent mortality showing 50 per cent of the
bees killed by the poison spray.

♦Bulletin 247, Purdue University, Agr. Exp. Station.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'" ASSOCIATIOISr. 81

In the experiment with the dusted tree there were 4,716 dead and
5,536 live bees, or a mortality of 46 per cent. As there were 19 per cent
dead with the check tree, 27 per cent of the bees in this test may be
said to have been killed by poison.

These experiments do not take into account the other insects which
were undoubtedly killed by tlie poison. With this evidence at hand,
it is quite plain that spraying trees in full bloom reduces the possibility
of cross-pollination to a very appreciable degree.

Is la NecesMrij to Spray Trees in Bloom? Now, that we have
shown the value of bees to the fruit grower and the losses which occur
when trees are sprayed with poison during the full bloom period;
should we spray when the trees are in bloom?

We know that it is necessary to spray against both insects and
plant diseases in order to secure good fruit. Experiments carried on at
the Wisconsin Experiment Station show that with the possible excep-
tion of cherries, it is more desirable to spray tree fruits at some other
than the full bloom period. In all spray bulletins sent out from the
experiment station, you will find this definite recommendation, "Never
Spray Fruit Trees When Many of the Blossoms are Open."

— 6 B A

83 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

THE REARING OF GOOD QUEENS.

(By Allen Latham, N orwichtown. Conn.)

Since the queen is the very soul of the colony it is of the utmost
importance that we have good queens. The colony may be queen-right
when it has a laying queens, but the colony is not right unless that queen
be prolific and yields a progeny energetic and highly characterized with
the nectar-gathering instinct.

To rear good queens, therefore, it is imperative that we first have
good stock. There is just as much difference in strains of bees as there
is in strains of cattle, and it would be as useless to try to rear good
queens by use of poor stock as to try to rear a high milk producer by
using a non-descript cow bought in the open market. I do not say that
it- is always necessary to purchase a high-priced breeding queen for a
start. Indeed, it is often possible to find in one's own yard a queen
which will prove an excellent breeder.

The last statement is never true unless one has in his yard pure
stock. Mongrel stock is often excellent in honey production, and the
leading colony in a yard is frequently hybrid or mongrel. Such stock
is good usually for only one generation, and when queens are reared
from the mother of that mongrel colony not one of them will prove equal
to the mother, and most of them will prove very inferior. Unless, then,
one has some pure stock he should not rear queens until he has pro-
cured a purely mated queen mother.

The selection of the queen-mother is a most uncertain matter.
Only by trying out a queen can one be perfectly certain that she will
throw queen daughters of excellent qualities. It is perfectly possible
to pick out several queens in a yard and say of them they are promising
breeders, but onlv trial will tell which of the several is the best. In
picking the trial breeder one should consider first of all the purity
of the worker bees. They should be imiform. Pass by every colony
in which the workers show more than the very slightest lack of uni-
formity, and if one colony has workers which are as alike as two peas in
a pod, note that colony. As a rule a colony with uniform workers will
have other good traits. The workers must not be too touchy, yet must
be alert and ready to defend the hive. Watch them fly to the field.
They must leave with a snappy zip. The guards must run about the
entrance, not lazily crawl. Bees as well as people are sometimes lazy.
In-breeding will sometimes give a most beautifully uniform bee as to
color and markings — also uniform as to lack of energj'.

If the workers pass the test, next look at the broorl-nest. Select
for a breeder only such a queen as has a snug brood-nest. See that there

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. S3

are solid masses of br-ood, that the eggs are well placed and mostly
pointing the same way. Pass any queen which shows irregular and
patchy brood, skipped cells. If you suspect the queen is not at fault
and that weather or flow may be responsible for the patchy brood, look
again later. Size of brood-nest must be noted. Other things being equal
the brood-nest of the prospective breeder must be one of the largest
in the yard. We must have prolific stock if we are to get big crops of
honey.

You may think that I have dwelt too long upon the matter of select-
ing the breeder, but I assure you that this is not so. A good breeder
may yield good queens under adverse circumstances, but a poor breeder
will not give you good queens no matter how carefully you follow all
the other details of queen-rearing.

I shall not describe any particular method of rearing queens.
Since Henry Alley, of Wenham, Massachusetts, and George Doolittle of
Borodino, New York, started the two schools of queen-rearing, there
have been a great many off-shoots of these two schools. I mean by the
two schools the two well known methods, one that of starting cells on
bits of combs in which there are young larvae, and that of grafting cell
cups with young larvae. I shall go back of all methods and try to
show the underlying essentials of success whatever the method.

The first and all important essential of success in getting good
daughters from your selected breeder is to start your cells only when
you have your queen-rearing colony at the right stage. You know that
we hear of football teams going stale, and we have heard such a re-
mark as this — "If our team could have played this game a week ago
victory would have been ours." There comes a time coaches say when
a team is at its best. So it is with a colony of bees, there is a time when
a colony will take up cell building and carry the cells through to per-
fection. It will not be easy for me to' teach you how to recognize this
time, for only by trial and observation can one acquire such knowledge.
Eather might I say that it is only by repeated trials that one can come
into this knowledge, and I must confess that after years of queen-
breeding I still fail occasionally, either through carelessness or indiffer-
ence. Only when I get word from my patrons is the truth fully im-
pressed upon me. AVhen I get letters stating that the queens I sent were
no good I have to sit up and take notice. Queens often appear all
right, but the crucial test comes when they are established in colonies
— there they must make good. True, some of these queens may have
been good, and their failure to make good may have been due to some
cause utterly different. But if I send out fifty queens to some ten dif-
ferent persons and get letters from six or eight of those persons stating
that the queens were not up to standard, then that means something
to me. It is up to me to spot the trouble.

I may be wrong in my diagnosis, but I am fully persuaded that the
majority of poor queens sent through the mails are poor because the
colonies in which they were reared were not in the exact pitch for the
work thev were asked to do.

84 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

It may not be known to all of you that only a very few bees are
needed to rear an excellent queen, 500 bees will rear a splendid queen
if the right conditions are present. A colony of 50,000 will in like
manner rear 100 queens, and 60,000 will rear 130 good queens simul-
taneously. I once had 170 cells produced by a colony which at the same
time completed 73 sections of honey. The empty sections were given
at the time of grafting and were full when the cells were ready to take
away. Needless to say that there was a good flow of honey during those
ten days. I got something like 100 splendid laying queens from those
cells, all so much alike that you could not pick out one and be able to
pick her out again if the cages were shufiied. That colony was exactly
ready to build those cells.

It is safe to state that a colony, or a lot of bees, is not in condition
to rear good queens unless there are a goodly proportion of nurse bees
present, nor unless these nurse bees are fat. I mean fat. Bees may not
be fat like hogs, but bees are fat and bees are lean, and if you try to
rear queens from lean bees you will get lean queens, queens with
spindling legs, and a spindling abdomen with a sooty tip, queens which
will be superseded in about four weeks.

To get a lot of bees ready for queen-rearing one must feed those
bees bountifully. They must have both forms of food, pollen and
honey. It is eiasy to feed syrup as a substitute for honey, but the pollen
question is different. Unless one can furnish combs with plenty of
fresh pollen it is useless to try to rear queens when pollen cannot be
gathered freely. Many a batch of queens turns out poor because the
bees cannot get enough pollen. A five day rain will sometimes de-
plete the supply of pollen in an entire apiary at certain seasons of the
year. Such a condition plays havoc with queen-rearing. Therefore, if
you rear your own queens select a period when you know that the bees
will gather pollen freely. Then feed not only the queen-rearing colony
but also the colony containing the breeder for several days previous to
starting the cells. Such feeding is not necessary if a fair amount of
nectar is coming in. Bees are always fat when both pollen and honey
are abundant in the breeding season.

The next step is to get the bees into the right mental state, if I
may assume that bees have mentality. Get them hungry for a queen.
This necessity is at the bottom of the swarm-box used in the Swarth-
more method, where the bees are kept for some five hours on combs that
have honey, pollen and water, but no brood. The same condition can
be attained on the hive stand without shutting up the bees by taking
longer and removing all young brood and eggs. With a host of fat
nurse bees, with combs replete with food, with no hungry larvae pres-
ent to feed, we get the colony into the right state to perfect queen cells.

I find that the best result comes from concentrated work. Crowd
the bees. Concentrate the space in which the cells are built. If you use
cups, put sixty cups on one frame rather than on three frames. I can
easily get 70 cells built in a space represented by my two spread out
hands.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 85

Feeding must continue through the period of cell development,
but may be stopped as soon as cells are capped if there are plenty of
stores in the hive. I like to feed very thin syrup to my breeding
colonies, just as thin as the bees will take. Two parts of water to one
part of sugar will do much better than a thicker syrup will. In re-
ducing this syrup the bees generate much heat and keep the colony
hustling and hot. Feeding thick syrup will not do this. It will tend
to cause comb building about the cells and simple storage of the syrup
instead of ample heat production.

It is one thing to get good cells, it is another to get good virgin
queens. Personally I consider any device in which the virgin emerges
into a prison as most questionable. Thousands of queens are ruined by
emerging in nursery cages, there to be neglected and half starved. If
in a colony, only a few will receive care from the bees, and many will
suffer from lack of warmth and proper food. If in an incubator they
are liable to suffer from wrong temperature conditions and from im-
proper nourishment. I started in two years or so ago, to use the incu-
bator thinking it would solve one of the most difficult problems the
queen-breeder has. Up to that time I seldom had a complaint about
the quality of the queens I sent out, but after that time I had frequent
complaints, perhaps not frequent, but altogether too occasional to suit
my taste. I have had to give up the incubator for that reason. The
incubator makes it possible to rear queens more cheaply, but it does
not make it possible to rear better queens.

There is only one place for a virgin queen to emerge. That place
is right among her foster mothers. This makes her cost more. Well,
which wears better as a rule, a $9 pair of shoes or a $3 pair?

Yes it costs more. I wonder if that is not one of the reasons, if
not the chief reason, why so many poor queens are mailed every sea-
son. But people want cheap queens. They want to pay only 75 cents
or a dollar for a queen. I should enjoy buying a nine dollar pair of
shoes for $3, but to make certain I generally pay the nine dollars. In
buying a queen many will find in the end that it pays to buy the best.

There is no doubt at all that many queens are worthless before
they start on their journey, but what of the journey? Some beekeep-
ers go so far as to say that a trip in the mails is practically certain to
ruin a queen. I know that this is not so. Almost every queen I ever
received from Doolittle lived a long and useful life. I have had queens
come from Italy, from Carniola and from C}^rus and live long useful
lives. On the other hand I have had queens by the score from our
Southern states that did not survive a single season. Yet, I have had
some mighty good queens from the South which lived long and useful
lives.

ISTo, it is not the trip in itself which is at fault. If the queen is
good at the start she will be useles at the close of the trip unless she is
well fed on the way. She will be well fed if her attendants are young
and the candy is all right.

If the queen mother is properly selected, if the bees concerned in
rearing the young queens are in the proper condition, if the queen-

86 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

rearing colony is kept up to the right pitch, if the ripe cells are given
to bees where the virgins can emerge right among the bees, if the young
laying queen is given the right attendant bees, and if the cage is sup-
plied with the right candy — then the queen you receive through the
mails may prove a mighty good investment.

Following were some of the questions asked Mr. Latham at the
conclusion of his address.

Q. Don't you think the quality of queens has gone up in recent
years so as to require a larger brood-chamber?

A. Possibly.

Q. Are your queens better than those raised naturally?

A. Yes, more uniform at least.

Q. 1 received 20 queens; 17 were introduced the same day.
Next day the other three cages were surrounded with little red ants
and the queens were dead. Were the ants the cause?

A. Yes, the ants did it.

Q. How long is a queen left in a mating box before being given
her liberty?

A. That depends, according to the time the cell is put in. The
cell is usually put in in the evening. It is left all night and the next
day, release being made the next night so that she can come out on the
second morning.

Q. What about controlling the drones?

A, I am not sure of the mating. I can only control a large per-
centage of the drones by requeening all neighbors' colonies without
cost. They are usually willing. Most queens are mated within one
hundred yards of the mating box.

Q. Are the mating box bees young?

A. ISTot necessarily so.

Q. How do you know that most of your queens mate within 100
yards of the mating box?

A. I set out fifty boxes in which the queens are ready to take
flight. In an open field 100 yards in front of the apiary there is a
ceaseless flight of drones back and forth from one o'clock on. 'No mat-
ter in which direction you go, there .are few drones beyond 100 yards
from the apiary determining that most of the queens mate within that
distance.

Q. The nucleus box has been generally discarded in favor of the
larger mating hive. Why do you hold to the small box?

A. A 200 bee box is as good as a mating hive in warm weather
witli a good honey flow. I am considering abandonipg the nucleus box
from a point of economy.

Q. Where do you fasten the queen cell in the section?

A. Eight close to the upper side of the section, on the frontside,
nearest the entrance, with the section close to the entrance in the
nucleus.

Q. Isn't there considerable absconding with baby nuclei?

A. I have some, but not much ; when the queen is removed within
fortv-ei^rht hours and there is no brood.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 87

HUBAM CLOVER FOR THE FARMER.

(By Edm. A. Winhler, Joliet, III.)

. In my former article on Hubam clover I endeavored to give most
of the advantages and value of Hubam to the beekeeper.

Now I am going to tell some of the advantages and value of Hubam
to the farmer.

It has been thoroughly demonstrated here this year that the prin-
cipal argument in favor of Hubam against biennial sweet clover is that
Hubam can be plowed under successfully in the fall of the same year in
which it is seeded in grain, or can be pastured, used for a seed crop, cut
for silage or even made into very palatable legume hay ranking very
closely to alfalfa, and then plowed under in this same year.

It has been the contending opinion of some agriculturists journals
that Hubam has not the large rooting system compared to the biennial.

This year I had one field of 15 acres of Hubam alone broadcast on
one side of a fence and on the opposite side were 10 acres of Grundy
County biennial. It was very noticeable that the stocks and roots of the
Hubam were almost as large as those of the biennial field.

The Grundy County is an early blooming and harvesting type
usually cut for seed about July 1st.

Just next to this field on the same kind of soil was eight acres of
Hubam in oats. It seems that the rooting of Hubam is larger following
grain, the stock being clipped off with the grain and the Hubam having
the whole field to itself seems to grow sturdier and with a longer and
larger root. The Hubam roots in the oatfield were much larger than
those of the biennial.

Hubam here this year seeded with a cover crop on sweet, well in-
oculated, thoroughly prepared soil and clipped off with the binder when
the grain was cut, made even a better growth than Hubam seeded alone,
some fields standing up to the shoulders in eight weeks after the clipping
at harvest and maturing seed.

It took nerve to begin with seed at $10.00 per pound and at last
spread out to more than 1,000 acres of good farm land. But the farmers
around here in this county who once turned a deaf ear to the new
annual legume are now moved to an inquiry which is likely not to end
short of placing Hubam in every part of this county.

The late Dr. C. G. Hopkins of Illinois State University at Urbana,
Illinois, emphasized the fact that 6.4 tons of dry sweet clover matter
furnish as much humus forming material and as much nitrogen as
would be furnished by 25 tons of the average farm manure.

88

TWENTY-SECOXD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Nitrate nitrogen experiments conducted in 1919 at the State Uni-
versity and printed in Bulletin 233 give the important fact that ap-
proximately one ton (water free basis) of spring growth of sweet clover
tops (which would be fall growth of Hubam) together with the roots
and fall residues, furnished as much nitrate as 19.8 tons of average
farm manure.

Sweet clover in the shock near Joliet, lU.

Hubam planted broadcast yields over 4 tons of dry matter per
acre, equal to nearly eighty tons of farm manure, if plowed under.

The following table will show more clearly the advantage of Hubam
over all other legumes.

Some of the findings of the Iowa Station are referred to as follows
in Iowa circular No. 76 :

TABL.E I — COMPARATIVE YIELDS OF HUBAM AND OTHER LEGUMES FOL-
LOWING OATS — 1921.

Yield Av. length Av. length

(tons per plants June 29 plants Oct. 4

Legume. acfe). (inches). (inctes).

Hubam Clover 2.07 25 42

Bi. What. Swt. Clover 1.85 18 22

Bi. Yel. Swt. Clover 1.56 18 22

Alfalfa 1.14 7 19

Medium Red Clover .95 6 12

Mammot Clover .92 6 10

Alsike Clover Poor stand 4 8

♦TABLE II — COMPARISON OF NITROGEN RETURNED TO SOIL BY HUBAM

AND OTHER LEGUMES.

Per cent ni-
Pounds water-free material per Per cent trogen water- Lbs. nitrogen per A.

acre. of roots free basis. water-free basis.

to total Leaves

Leaves and weight. and Leaves and

,. Roots ^ stems Roots, stemis. Rootaj. stems-. Total.

Hubam 1664.0 3784.0 3^54 2.48 2.43 41.25 91.95 133.20

BI. Wht 1451.3 3381v8 '30.03 2.86 2.90 41.51 98i.07 139.58

Med. Red 827.8 1736.6 32.28 2.29 3.4i3 18.96 59.57 78.53

♦Detailed report of experimental methods used i.^3 not included because of lack
of space. It h£is been mimeograpHied and is available) for agronomists and others
interested.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 89

TABLE III — ANALYSES OFHUBAM AND BIENNIAL "WHITE SWEET CLOVER.

Per cent

Percent

Per cent

nitrogen-

Per cent

ether

Per cent

protein.

free

crude

extract

ash.

extract.

fiber.

(crude fat).

14.32

39.06

33.76

1.79

5.27

Hubam Clover

Biennial White

Sweet Clover . 12.94 32.11 38.31 1.16 5.59

Owing to the impracticability of fall plowing biennial sweet clover
under, and the necessity of allowing the second yearns spring growth to
make a large growth before plowing under in order to thoroughly de-
stro}^ all the plants and eliminate the volunteer trouble which brings
plowing close up to corn planting time, Hubam which should be turned
under in the fall when the bloom has blown and the seed pods are all
green is sure to become the universally used and only real foremost
legume adopted to almost all climates and soils.

Owing to its deep rooting system, this legume which gets its nitro-
gen from the air and deposits it in the soil instead of taking it from
the soil, bids fair to become the universal soil builder, and just as fast
as we can convince those objectors who still believe sweet clover to be
an obnoxious M^eed and overcome their prejudice against it, arguing
that their land is sour and depleted and that they are not getting as
large crops as their neighbor who has been planting clovers and crop
rotating, just so much sooner we will get our farms back to the fertility
they were 100 years ago.

This root was dug up from a field of Hubam sown late last spring
alone broadcast, another root was dug up in a field of Hubam follow-
ing Winter Eye, the root measuring 53 inches. We did not get all of
either of the roots.

The opinion that Hubam does not root as large and deep as biennial
may never be entirely expelled, but many are taking a different view on
this subject after looking at some of the roots that were dug up this fall.

The agitation for the growing of Hubam, the ultimate purpose
being soil enrichment, has led men to realize more than ever the neces-
sity of some such legume as Hubam for the maintenance of the fertility
of our soils.

Beekeepers should not overlook the advisability of inducing farm-
ers in their locality to plant alsike clover also.

Will County is one of the two counties in this State that together
produce approximately 80 per cent of the alsike seed raised in this
State. Farmers near my apiaries have harvested as high as $96 per
acre of alsike seed.

It is also well to keep in touch with the yields made near your
bees in order to inform prospective growers and also if at all possible
to furnish bees in that locality to pollinate the bloom, also keep in
touch with those who have seed to sell.

Alsike, of course, can not be compared favorably with Hubam as
a soil builder on account of its short rooting system, but is of great
value as an early honey plant where white clover is scarce.

There is no bloat with Hubam as with alfalfa and other legumes.
Stock take to it readily. I had a field of Hubam this year seeded in

90

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

oats. After the oats were harvested a good crop of Hubam seed was
harvested, and had the farmer wished to cut the Hubam the second
time instead of plowing it under, a crop of Hubam hay of approxi-
mately 11/2 to 2 tons per acre could have been harvested. Such fields
will be very rare and are due entirely to the type of soil and early spring
planting. This field being planted April 19th.

Many farmers have disked up their Hubam stubble and drilled in
winter wheat. Others have drilled it in without disking. Enough
Hubam seed had shattered off to insure a thick stand of Hubam follow-
ing their winter grain next summer.

The following table taken from farmer's Bulletin ISTo. 820 will
give some idea as to the valuation of the Hubam straw piles.

The table gives analyses of several samples of sweet-clover vsilage
as compared to corn silage.

Composition of sweet-clover silage and well-matured com silage.

Number
of analy-
ses.

Constituentsf per cent).

Kind of silage.

Water.

Ash.

Crude
protein.

Carbohydrates.

Fiber.

Nitrogen-
free ex-
tract.

Fat.

White sweet clover:

First year's growths

First crop, second seasons
Straw.?

1

1

3

121

73.7
73.7
73.7
73.7

1.73
2. 57
1.19
1.70

3.17
2.06
2.70
2.10

20
8.08
13.59
6.30

.8

12.32

8.33

15.40

0.65

1.27

.50

Corn, well matured.^

.80

2 Analyzed by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. .^Analyzed by the Bureau of Chemistry.
4 Analyses compiled by Henry and Morrison.

As shown in the table, the analyses of the first and second years'
growth of sweet clover compare favorably in food elements with corn
silage. It is to be expected that the silage made from the sweet clover
straw would contain less protein and carbohydrates than that made
from the entire plants, as most of the leaves shatter from sweet clover
before the seed crop is cut.

Xext year we will see quite a few farmers cutting Hubam and corn
and mixing the two together in their silage.

When this is done approximately two-thirds of the total corn
acreage which would be cut for silage may be permitted to mature.

This mixture will make much better silage than corn silage alone.

Beekeepers will do well to write to the Bureau of Documents, Wash-
ington, D. C, for all bulletins pertaining to sweet clover such as, sweet
clover • Utilization Ko. 820, Growiag the Crop No. 797, Xitrate Pro-
duction Xo. 233 of University of Illinois, Seed No. 844 and especially
Dept. Circular No. 169.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 91

WHAT A COUNTY ASSOCIATION CAN ACCOMPLISH.

(By W. B. Brigham, Bloomington, III.)

When I heard that this subject had been assigned to me, I felt
that it was indeed a big subject for a beginner, especially when you
realize that our own association has been in existence less than a year,
and the possibilities of a live County Association are yet far beyond
any thing we have experienced. However, we are proud of the results
in McLean County, and I shall attempt to discuss this subject by first
telling what we have done and how it was accomplished.

Mr. Cary W. Hartman, President of the California State Bee-
keepers' Association was visiting in Bloomington last December. A
newspaper man brought him to our office, stating that they were look-
ing for beekeepers. After calling my friend, Mr. C. H. Robinson, we
had a very pleasant interview with Mr. Hartman, who is a wonderful
man, not only progressive but very enthusiastic about local organiza-
tion. After this inspiration and suggestion, Mr. Eobinson corresponded
with Mr. M. G. Dadant, who supplied the necessary encouragement to
proceed at once to organize. A list of beekeepers was obtained. Mr.
Dadant promised a speaker for February 17. The Farm Advisor be-
came interested and sent out our notices for a meeting on that date.

Well, there were about fifty persons present, variously interested in
beekeeping, an organization was perfected, and twenty signed as
charter members. Mr. G. H. Cale, formerly of the Department of
Entomology at Washington, D. C, gave a general discussion of bee-
keeping. Several of the new members expressed their opinions and told
interesting experiences. After demonstrating an electric imbedder, the
meeting was adjourned.

In the early eighties, an association was formed in McLean County
to include Central Illinois, but for lack of interest, it soon ceased to
exist. Realizing that the officers, or those in charge of any association
are largely responsible for the interest and general results, we con-
gratulated ourselves on securing Mr. C. H. Eobinson for Secretary.
Mr. Robinson is a busy man, being master mechanic of a big railway and
lighting system, and handles bees only as a side line, but being a tire-
less worker and willing to sacrifice for the good of every m.ember, he
has been of real value to us.

In the cooperative purchase of supplies, we were granted a 17 per
cent discount. This meant a great saving, as more than twelve hundred
dollars was expended by members who availed themselves of this ,
privilege. While I do not consider this as a principal purpose for an
organization, it is an item worth considering.

92

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Our first field meet was held at Lilly Orchard, June 2. The
weather was ideal, the day was spent in socialibility, exchanging ideas,
visiting Mr. Funk's apiary, and fruit farms, and closed with an interest-
ing talk by Mr. C. P. Dadant, who had been busy answering questions
since his arrival in the forenoon. Nearly one hundred attended the
meeting.

A second meeting was called for July 25 at Mr. J. L. Wolcott's
yard in Xormal. Mr. E. R. Root was the speaker, and also kindly
answered numerous questions. At that time, Mr. Wolcott showed us
how he extracts honey. The enthusiasm and attendance were very
gratifying. Many new members were secured at these meetings.

At this time, a honey exhibit was put on in the window of a lead-
ing grocery store at Bloomington. This attracted sufficient attention to
occasionally block the sidewalk. Aside from the interest in the sale of
hone}', the showing of labels, packages and equipment used by our pro-
gressive members was both interesting and instructive.

Back to nature. H. W. Funk, the veteran Illinois beekeeper, opening hives at his
Lilly apiary. McLean County Field Meet.

The local interest aroused through our association is manifesting
itself in better beekeepers and larger production. As an example: A
member, Mr, W, L. Archer, from McLean, states that he believes he has
learned more this year than in the twenty years previous in which he
has handled bees.

Newspaper representatives attended all meetings, and furnished
some excellent axticles to the general public.

In response to mailing lists sent by our Secretary, members have
received catalogs, sample bee journals, and government bulletins, all of
which have their part in the work.

The problem of honey sales has not been thoroughly worked out,
however most of our members have largely disposed of their crop at
uniform prices. A local wholesale grocer who recently purchased five

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 93

thousand pounds of comb honey from a member stated that his obser-
vation has been that beekeepers are practically in competition with each
other instead of cooperating as in some other lines.

During the season we have doubled our membership, and now have
forty members. The annual fee of $1.50 carries afl&liation in the State
Association.

The McLean Association has gone on record as favoring the plac-
ing of a course in beekeeping in our State University, a communication
to that effect has been sent to President David Kinley.

Several cases of foulbrood have been taken care of, but there is
reason to feel that we should take a more aggressive stand in that mat-
ter.

We are now planning a general round-up meeting early in Janu-
ary. The outlook for new members is very good, also the condition of
the white clover at this time is indeed promising for a bumper honey
crop in 1923.

94 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

THE NEW BEEKEEPING.

(By Geo. S. Demuth.)

Within recent years there has sprung up a new type of beekeeping,
which is rapidly placing the industry on a much safer basis than here-
tofore. Not many years ago it began to look as tho commercial bee-
keeping would be carried on only in the irrigated regions of the west,
portions of California, and certain regions on the border of newly
settled country where nectar was thot to be unusually abundant year
after year. The great clover region of the northeastern part of the
United States which was really the cradle of beekeeping, where the
old masters worked out the fundamentals of the industry, was thot to
be passing as a honey producing region. Kecently, however, this region
has staged a comeback in honey production and we now find many ex-
tensive honey producers in the region formerly thot to be too poor for
commercial honey production. Honey is now being shipped in carload
lots from localities formerly thot to be suitable only for the amateur
who desired to produce a few pounds of honey for his own use in a
little apiary of eight or ten colonies. Some say that the seasons are
growing better year by year especially in the eastern portion of the
TJnited States. So they are for those who have taken up the "new
beekeeping," but for those who keep bees in the same old way the sea-
sons are as uncertain as they were twenty to thirty years ago.

What is this that is now creeping over the country, converting poor
localities into fair ones and good localities into splendid ones? The
answer can be put into two words — ^better management. During the
past decade great strides have been made in management to produce
great colony strength at the right time to take advantage of the honey
flow. While many factors contribute to the highly desirable condition
of nearly every colony in the apiary being abundantly strong at the
beginning of the honey flow, the one factor that has brought about the
greatest change in this respect is that of leaving more honey with the
bees for their own use. By the old method of robbing the bees of most
of their honey at the close of the honey flow the bees were compelled
to retrench in brood rearing either in late summer and fall when bees
for winter should be reared or in the spring when workers for the
harvest should be reared.

By the old method of colonies living from hand to mouth at cer-
tain times during the year it was only under most favorable conditions
that certain especially favored colonies reached great strength in time
for the honey flow, but under the careful management of the better
beekeepers of today the colonies average much stronger than formerly

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES" ASSOCIATION. 95

and most of them reach greater strength at the beginning of the honey
flow than was formerly thot possible. It seems to have taken un-
necessarily long for this change to come about, and the industry as a
whole still has a long way to go in this respect.

The '"'new beekeeping" does not leave to chance anything vital to
the prosperity of the colonies that can be taken out of the realm of
chance. It demands that the preparation for the honey flow begin the
preceding July or August and that the colony be normal at that time
headed by a good queen, preferably young, and that it has plenty of
food. It demands that the colonies be put into as nearly perfect con-
dition as possible for winter even tho the latter part of the season is
unfavorable for brood rearing. It demands that each colony be supplied
with an abundance of stores at the beginning of winter, and in the
north where bees are confined to their hives for long periods, that the
winter stores be of the best quality. It demands that these conditions
be in all colonies at the beginning of winter and not in some of them as
has too often been the case. While colonies that have been supplied
with favorable conditions during the late summer and autumn and are
supplied with an abundance of wholesome food at the beginning of
winter are hard to kill by winter exposure, the "new beekeeping" pro-
vides adequate winter protection for the severest winter each year in-
stead of for the average winter of the locality. In this way instead of
taking a chance that the winter shall be mild the beekeeper insures
himself against loss by providing for the worst every year. While it
might not be necessar}^ to take all the precautions as to late summer,
fall and winter requirements more than two years out of five, bee-
keepers are finding that it pays handsomely to provide for the worst
winter every year in order to prevent loss during the severe winters.

In the spring the "new beekeeping" demands that every colony be
given every opportunity to build up quickly to the greatest possible
strength for the honey flow. When Doolittle pointed out the value of
"millions of honey at our house" for this building-up period, together
with an abundance of room in the form of good worker combs for brood
rearing he pointed the way for "the new beekeeping." This "new bee-
keeping'^ takes no chances on nature furnishing enough food during this
critical time, but every colony is supplied with a large reserve of honey,
often as much as 40 to 50 pounds. Formerly there was a saying among
beekeepers especially in the clover region that when the early flowers
sucli SLS fruit bloom yield well, clover may be expected to yield well also.
Thus it was thot possible to predict the character of the yield from
clover by the character of yield from the early flowers. There was sup-
posed to be some mysterious connection between the amount of nectar
secured from the early flowers and the crop that might be expected from
clover. This mysterious connection has all been explained since bee-
keepers have learned that good yields from clover are often secured
when the early flowers fail to yield. The connection between these two
things was only in the supplying of a great abundance of food from the
early flowers that permitted the colonies to build up to enormous

96 TWENrY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

strength by the beginning of the clover honey flow. In other words,
beekeepers have learned to bring about practically the same results by
leaving an abundance of honey in the hives for this critical brood rear-
ing period.

Of all things which help to bring about uniformly strong colonies
at the beginning of the honey flow and therefore help bring success in
honey production, the big and outstanding factor is a great abundance
of reserve stores, especially in the spring when workers are being reared
for the harvest. Those who provide each colony with a food chamber
filled with honey during this critical building-up period in the spring
and permit the queen free range thru both stories, are reaping rich
rewards for doing so. In many localities this food chamber with
^'millions of honey at our house" converts poor locations into good ones
and practically eliminates poor seasons in ordinary localities. "The
new beekeeping" is based largely upon this safety device. The food
chamber together with the slogan "millions of honey at our house," is
now working miracles in honey production. If every beekeeper in the
country would leave forty or fifty pounds of honey in the hive at the
end of the season, whether this be left within a large brood chamber
or be left in a food chamber which can be filled with the best early
gathered honey, the yield of surplus honey would increase by leaps and
bounds. The stimulation to early brood rearing resvilting from the
presence of a large amount of stores is almost as great as that of nectar
and pollen coming from the flowers. This plan of stimulating brood
rearing is especially applicable to the clover regions. The presence of
a large amount of honey in the hive does not always stimulate heavy
brood rearing, but it does so in the months of May here in the clover
region, and that is exactly the time that brood rearing should be
stimulated to the utmost.

In addition to leaving more honey for the bees at all times, bee-
keepers have learned within the past twenty years how to control
swarming almost completely, so that out-apiaries can be operated with-
out an attendant in each yard during the swarming season. In working
out swarm control plans, much has also been learned in regard to in-
ducing the bees to work with the greatest possible energy daring the
short time that the flowers are in bloom.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 97

INCREASED EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCTION.

(By F. B. Paddock, Ames, Iowa.)

The problem expressed in the title should not be new to beekeepers,
for we find Alexander saying, "Do not spend any time worrying over
the frequency of poor seasons, but spend your time in preparing your
bees to make the most they can of any kind of season that comes, then
you. will be almost surprised to see how few poor seasons there are. We
have not had a really poor season in twenty-five years, while some of
my neighbors complain of a poor season nearly every summer." The
excuse then for this discussion is found in the need of bringing to the
attention of the beekeeper, the necessity of practices which will increase
their production. Again we find Alexander saying, "Far too many
beekeepers think that the value of their apiaries consists in the number
of colonies they keep."

]^o doubt there are many who feel that this is no time to consider
the production of more pounds of honey in the United States. We hear
on almost every hand the plea that increased production will reduce
prices. In that connection, it is interesting to note that in a recent
speech. Dr. E, D. Ball, Director of Scientific Eesearch of the United
States Department of Agriculture, says: "Food production of the
nation has not been keeping pace with the population for nearly two
decades, and if the same ratio continues for an equal length of time,
the nation will not be on a self-sustaining basis. Increase in production
may be brought about by bringing up the methods of the poorer pro-
ducers to those of the better ones. Increases in the possibility of pro-
duction of food can be brought about only by developing better plants
and animals, better soils, and better methods, and by the removal of
pests and diseases."

Figures are always interesting, for it is possible to prove almost
anything by statistics. The crop report fo,r 1922 contains some very
interesting data for the beekeeper of Illinois. We find that while
Illinois produces only 5 'per cent of the surplus honey crop of the
United States, it does tie with New York, Iowa and Texas for second
place among the States. It is very interesting to note that for the
period of 1913-20, the average yield per colony in Illinois was forty-six
pounds. In the year of 1921 only forty-six pounds were produced by
each colony, and in 1922 the production per colony was seventy-eight
pounds. The most careful statistics compiled in the last year or two
indicated that seventy pounds of honey must be produced in order to
secure reasonable; returns on the investment. We see then that there
—7 B A

98 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

is a problem confronting the production of honey in Illinois. These
statistics further show that there has been a slight decrease in the pro-
duction of comb honey since 1914, with a relatively less increase in the
extracted, but a relatively large increase in the production of bulk
comb honey. Conditions should be very favorable for honey production
in Illinois, as the figures indicate a large home consumption, since
only 16 per cent of the honey produced is shipped outside of the State.

In casting about for factors which might be considered in any
campaign for increased efficiency of production, we might mention
disease control, winter loss, swarm control, and better stock. While it
might not be wise to say that the brood diseases are widely spread in
Illinois, yet there is little doubt but that loss by disease over the State
is very considerable. It is exceedingly difficult to put this loss in a
statement containing dollars and cents, but one can readily conceive of
a large total as the result of the presence of disease. As in every State,
the beekeepers of Illinois need more assistance in an effort to eradicate
contagious diseases among bees. There will be few who will question
the accuracy of this statement that thousands of dollars are lost every
year through the ravages of disease.

In the matter of winter loss, it is possible to make a more definite
statement. Statistics show that during the five-year period of 1914-19,
the winter loss in Illinois was reported to be 11 per cent. In the year
1920-1921 this loss was reported 5 per cent and in 1921-1922 it was
reported 12 per cent. Here then is a loss which can be reduced by
more improved management and must be reduced before honey can
be produced efficiently. There is no business today which can succeed
with even the annual loss suffered by the beekeeper in wintering, which
means one CQlon}' out of every ten. In the possible improvement of
management looking toward the reduction of this tremenduous Avinter
loss, we have three possible factors. These are the introduction of new
queens, the provision of ample stores, and plenty of protection.

There ma}^ be localities where conditions make it advisable not to
fall requeen, but it is necessary to determine that this practice should
not be followed rather than not to attempt it. In general over the
TTnited States, so much good has resulted from introducing new queens
in colonies in the fall that it has become the rule rather than the ex-
ception. The exact time to requeen must depend upon local conditions.
As has been advised by Dr. Phillips, the new queen must be in operation
in the hive at least six weeks before the cessation of the fall honey
flow. If the honey fiow is available so as to permit this, then the
practice is excellent. There are probably some local conditions where
the fall flow is not dependable and under these conditions the new
queen should be introduced during the last week of the summer flow.
Experiments have been conducted which show very conclusively that a
colony headed by a new queen goes into the winter much better pre-
pared than the colony with the old queen, or even with the spring
introduced queen.

In the matter of stores, the information which has been given to
us, is nine pounds of honey for every pound of bees in the colony, and

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS'' ASSOCIATION. 99

an additional fifteen pounds as an insurance policy against disaster.
In the normal colony this means that sixty pounds of honey must be
provided at the beginning of the winter period. In experiments which
have been conducted by Park at Iowa Station, the actual consumption
has been found to average fifty-two pounds. It is very evident then
that the sixty pounds given as a theoretical estimate is hardly sufficient.

That so many beekeepers should fail to appreciate the need of pro-
tection is beyond comprehension. Probably every other form of live
stock is given reasonable consideration during the cold period of the
year. That the winter loss is not larger than it is, is a matter of marvel.
Either cellar wintering or outdoor protection in the form of packing
cases will give excellent results, depending upon the locality. It would
not be wise to advocate one method to the exclusion of the other.

The success of the beekeeper is no longer measured by the number
of swarms which his colony has. It is taking a long time for this idea
to disappear. Yet there are many beekeepers who experience a thrill
when a swarm issues from one of their colonies. That honey production
could be cut in half by the swarming problem has been determined.
Why is it not best then to practice every means which will reduce
swarming? Here again we find a factor which cannot be reduced to
figures, and it is to be regretted that this condition exists, for the
intangible result is very difficult for the average beekeeper to appreciate.
One must study local conditions and govern their operations accord-
ingly. For the Standard Langstroth hive, the Demaree ■ method has
been given as a panacea for the swarm control problem. Mr. Park, in
his investigations at the Iowa Station has found that there is danger
in the over-use of this method. In his conclusion he says "conditions
necessary to insure a maximum crop when using the Demaree method
of swarm control are : First, the honey flow lasting at least four
weeks. Second, colony strong enough at the beginning of tlie flow to
absorb the shock of the treatment." Methods which may prove satis-
factory in one locality will not necessarily be satisfactory in another
locality. The large hive has been listed by some as a means to reduced
swarming. This method may prove satisfactory in many localities.

Perhaps the most important factor in increasing the efficiency of
production is the securing of better queens. The low production which
is prevalent in every yard, as is evident by the uneven returns per
colony, indicates that the queen which the beekeeper is now getting
comes from an indifferent producing stock. In experiments conducted
by the writer, it was found that the loss caused by every queen whicli
produced less than the average per yard, was $18.00 each for a single
season. Even if we were forced to pay more for our queens and were
assured of a better standard, it would certainly be a paying investment.
We have learned in other lines of production through the Babcock test
that there are boarder cows in most every herd, and through the trap
nest, we have found that most every flock contains boarder hens. In
spite of this, the beekeeper is content with indifferent production by
queens in the yard. The following deductions were made as the result
of these experiments: First, there is too much loss in queen intro-

100 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

duction. Second, there is too much replacement necessary. Third,
there is too low a proportion of good replacement. Fourth, the cost of
good replacement is very high. In the matter of stock improvement,
it must be necessary to consider the record of performance of the parent
before we can expect any performance of the offspring. It is not
necessary to depend upon the purchase of queens for stock improvement.
Many of our most successful beekeepers have learned to rear their own
queens. These, of course, are reared from the highest producing colony
and after a series of such selection, it is possible to secure quite a satis-
factory result in the matter of production from home reared queens.

The matter of stock improvement may not necessarily depend upon
a single selection or a race of bees. In Switzerland we know that very
successful efforts are being made to improve their stock by selection
and by mating through the establishment of mating stations high in
the Alps mountains. In Great Britain the same bee may not necessarily
give the best results, so we find that the beekeepers there have stations
on one of the Shetland Islands where they can breed a strain of b^es
best fitted for conditions in Great Britain. Why should the beekeepers
of the United States expect to secure maximum results from a strain
of bees developed under a series of conditions absolutely foreign to the
conditions under which they are expected to work? In this connection
it is interesting to note that the Colorado beekeepers, in cooperation
with their experiment station, contemplate the establishment of a queen
mating station in isolated spots in the mountains. The purpose of this
work is to evolve a strain of bees best suited for their climatic conditions.

Is it not possible then to readily understand why honey production
today is so expensive with the present inefficient methods employed?
The solution of this problem rests in the hands of the beekeeper. The
responsibility cannot be shifted to some unknown party. The problem
is not one of price of honey, but of the pounds which can be produced
at the present investment.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 101

HONEY SANDWICHES.

{By Allen Latham, N orwiclitown. Conn.)

The making of honey sandwiches and the development of this
product as well as the selling of honey at fairs has been a gradual
evolution with me. I can only give final results and my procedure now.

I go the rounds of fairs in a truck carrying an army cot and other
material with me.

The honey sandwiches are made of best quality of roll and comb
honey. I have special rolls made, insisting that each pan of rolls be
made up of 5 dozen Frankfurt rolls, oncj dozen in each row, or 6 rows
of 10 each. I ask the baker to flatten these, using i2 to 14 ounces of
dough. The same weights are used always and it makes a fairly gen-
erous portion.

These rolls are sliced laterally and opened and a slice of the comb
honey is put on the bottom piece. Eight or ten slices of this comb
honey can be gotten out of each section, according to the weight of the
section. The honey sandwich business was nearly killed in some in-
stances by stinginess with the amount of honey given.

I have sold as high as 400 to 500 dozen of these sandwiches at one

fair.

I am equipped to furnish hot coffee at 5 cents a cup next year. I
use paper cups with metal holders.

In order to get demand for these rolls it is necessary to teach
their value at first. At the Hartford Fair I am now selling as high as
300 dozen rolls a day, whereas at first it was very difficult to sell 100
dozen. I have sold as high as 1,500 of these honey sandwiches in one
and one-half hours.

The sandwiches net about 3 cents each or, in other words, each 10
ounce section of honey nets me in the neighborhood of 75 cents. I have
been very successful and feel sure that others can do likewise.

102

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

WHY OUR ASSOCIATION HAS SUCCEEDED.

/Elmer Kommer, WoodhuU, III.)

There are several things which have helped make Henry County
Honey Producers Association a success, one of them is the splendid
interest the members have taken in it since we organized.

The beekeepers in our county realized that we needed an asso-
ciation, but it took a year before we could get together and organize,
and then we were only able to organize with thirteen members, but
those members were composed of the most interested beekeepers and
proved to be real live members for our association.

1 —

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The Henry County beekeepers are boosters. A typical County bee meeting.

When we oi'ganized we all agreed that all members should serve
on the membership committee, and as the result we gathered in 28
members for the first year.

We held our first field meeting at the apiary of P. A. Carlson of
Galva, 111., in June, 1921. This meeting was well attended, so we
decided to hold another meeting in September. This was held in the
apiary of Howard Wilson of Geneseo, 111.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 103

At the county fair in 1921 the Farm Bureau invited us to place an
exhibit in their tent, which we accepted. This exhibit consisted of ex-
tractor, hives, supers, frames full of foundation, and two observation
hives. One had the black bees and the other had the 3-band Italians
with queen. We found ourselves busy answering questions all through
fair week. We also got a few members for our association.

We held another exhibit at the Osco Grange fair, and one was held
at the Farmers Institute in Geneseo later in the season. All proved a
success and helped advertise our association.

This year we decided that we would affiliate with the Illinois State
Beekeepers' Association and have found the monthly news letters very
valuable to our members; they are worth many times the affiliation fee,
and we recommend that they be continued. The annual report is also
appreciated by all of us.

Before we were organized in this county the honey premiums at
the county fair amounted to only $1.50. This we decided was not
enough to pay us to show our honey, so a committee was appointed to
meet with the fair board to see about getting them to allow larger
premiums for this year, for products from the apiary. This the fair
board considered and the premium list amounted to almost $25.00 and,
besides, we were allotted a space of 16 feet wide in the floral hall for an
educational exhibit. This was similar to the one we had in the Farm
Bureau tent the year before, but much larger. This, of course, could
not have been had if there was no organization. We ordered some
honey leaflets that we gave out at the fair which advertized Henry
County honey.

We held two more field meetings this year. One was at the apiary
of A. B. Fessler, Cambridge, and the other one was held at the apiary
of Ed Kommer, Andover. The last one proved to be the best one we
have ever held.

This fall we have done some inspection work in our county and
have found quiet a few cases of both American and European foul
brood scattered through the county, and the beekeepers have wakened
to the fact that there need be a general cleaning up next year.

The Illinois State Beekeepers' Association has been very valuable
to us and our association since we affiliated with them as well as before.

We have called on them to furnish speakers at our field meetings,
which they have done in every case, and have sent the best that could
be sent and we have received some very valuable information from these
speakers at these meetings. We plan on having at least two more field
meetings in our county next year. The first will be held in the apiary
of Edward Lehman, of Hooppole, some time in June.

Through the Secretary of our association we have been able to
secure some attractive discounts on bee supplies, bee journals, queen
bees, as well as package bees for our members, and there is hardly a
member but what has saved more than what it has cost him to belong
to our association.

There are no county associations in any of our neighboring coun-
ties, but talk lias been to get both Bureau and Knox County organized.

104 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

but up until now no action has been taken. If these counties organize
it will be of benefit to us, as we can attend their field meetings, as the
field meetings are of great help to beekeepers. Those that want to
give their bees a little attention can get some valuable information that
will help them to secure a better crop of honey, and I have known some
that have given up beekeeping entirely, as they have found that there
is more work in connection with beekeeping than they want to do in
order to get a good crop and, besides, they haven't the time to spare
for bees just when they want it.

In conclusion I think that in order to make a good live association
that there must be a series of field meetings, for they are the best line
of information that the county associations can get. It also gives the
beekeepers a chance to exchange their own experiences which, when
brought together, will lead to better beekeeping.

ILLIN"OIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 105

WAX SECRETION.

(By C. P. Dadant, Hamilton, III.)

That beeswax is a secretion of the bees and not a product gathered
in the fields has been known for over 150 years, an.d yet there are many
])eople who still think that the little pellets of yellow substance which
the bees gather and bring home upon their legs, in what are called
"pollen-baskets" are pure' beeswax. We are told that the method of
production of wax was discovered as early as 1765, in Hanover. But it
was not until 1793 that Huber made his remarkable experiments con-
cerning the production of wax from honey, although, in his second
volume he mentions the discovery as made by others some 30 years
previously.

However, there was so much doubt concerning these discoveries
and the change of honey into wax looked so very unlikely that, in
1815, Eobert Huish, an English writer, in his "Treatise on the Manage-
ment of Bees," saw fit to ridicule Huber and his experiments. When I
read a work of this kind, I wonder how many of our so-called scientific
works contain as many errors as Huish managed to cram into the 400
odd pages of his book.

Huber made and repeated a number of experiments upon the uses
of pollen and honey. Confining bees to the hive with pollen, he found
that they would not build combs, but did feed the brood. On the other
hand, when he confined bees with plenty of honey or syrup, but no
pollen, he ascertained that they were unable to rear brood but could
produce wax.

As to the quantity of wax which is produced from a certain amount
of honey, no uniform results have been obtained. This comes from the
different conditions in which the bees find themselves that are induced
to produce wax.

It is now well known that the wax producing organs are located
en the underside of the abdomen, four on each side.

When the bees remain with their stomach loaded with honey, for
some time, the production of wax appears to come in a natural way.
It is neither the young bees, just emerged from the cell, nor the old
field bees, which secrete the most wax, but the full grown workers
which have the function of taking the load from the field bees when
they come home from the harvest. People have often wondered at the
division of labor in the hive. They thought, as did Huber, that some
bees were predestinated only for the nursing of the brood, others for
the production of wax, others still for field work. Although Huber
carefullv marked a number of workers and found them to be following

106 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

a certain part of the labors of the hive, he did not follow tliem long
enough to ascertain that their labor changed with their age. It was
only when Italian bees were introduced into colonies of common bees,
that the succession of labors was ascertained. Perhaps the best early
tests of this kind were made by Dr. Donhoff, of Germany, in 1855.

As I have stated before, the cost of comb to the bees is irregular.
It has been estimated at from 2 pounds of honey up to 20 pounds and
more for one pound of wax. The experimenters who held that a pound
of comb could be built from two pounds of honey did nt take into ac-
count the quantity of wax already existing in the wax organs of the
workers when testing their weight. On the other hand, those who, like
Huber, made tests on bees in confinement could not possibly succeed in
getting the most economical results. The production of wax from
honey, by digestion, is very much like the production of fat, or cream,
or butter, from our farm animals. It changes according to the more
or less favorable circumstances in which the animal finds itself.

That wax is very expensive to bees is readily ascertained when we
make artificial divisions of colonies of bees; because the bees in those
divisions are taken as found, without a load of honey in their abdomen
and without wax already produced in their wax organs.

The speedy production of wax takes place when a colony becomes
crowded for room, at the beginning of a good harvest. The weather
may have been unfavorable, though there are many blossoms in the
field. Then suddenly the blossoms begin to yield honey. Every worker-
bee coming home from the field is loaded with nectar. The cells of the
brood chamber are soon filled, the young bees soon have all they can
carry in their honeysack. In 24 hours, some of the wax scales produced
begin to exude from the rings of the abdomen of the workers. If the
crop continues plentiful, all the bees produce more or less wax because
all the bees are constantly filled with honey. It is then that, if the
colony swarms, the production of wax seems to be inexpensive; yet if
the bees had been supplied with empty combs in plenty, the profit
would certainly be greater than can be secured from this wax production.

Attempts have been made, in countries where honey is of low grade
and cheap, to have it used for the production of wax. A few A^ears ago,
a Chilean, writing in one of the' European bee magazines, described
his wax production and stated that he figured the cost of a pound of
wax to be about 7 to 8 pounds of honey. But the great difficulty, in
such wax production, is to keep the bees building without lessening
their power of reproduction. Since wax represents the "house-furniture"'
of the beehive and bees can neither store honey nor rear young without
it, it is contrary to the success of the colony to deprive it of its combs.
In fact, it' is impossible to remove combs without at the same time
removing some of the brood or some of the honey; for bees will not
build comb unless it is needed for either of these purposes.

Although we never made experiments upon the production of wax,
such as to enable us to state positively what we consider the average
amount of honey necessary to produce a pound of comb, yet our ex-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 107

periences in having worker combs built, before the existence of comb
foundation machinery, gave us evidence of the great cost of w&x.

We were in the habit of buying up worker combs from box hive
beekeepers, every spring, after the winter losses had been ascertained.
The average bee owner did not figure that empty combs, in April or
May, were worth anything, because he knew that the moths would do
away with them ; so we had no trouble in buying all we could find,
using them in movable frames to increase the number of combs in our
divisions of the previous year.

But we could never find as many combs to buy as we wanted, and
allowing the bees to build at swarming time was not desirable, especially
as about one-eighth of the comb thus built was drone comb. So, in the
spring, when our colonies were strong and still rich in stores, we would
remove one comb from the center of a strong colony, using it for a
weaker one, and w^ould supply that strong colony with an empty frame,
with only narrow guides. iSTow, if a pound of wax cost only two to
seven pounds of honey, as one comb weighs only about one-fourth
pound, it would have required only from a half pound to less than
two pounds to rebuild the comb removed. Instead of that, it took so
much honey that the bees hesitated to secrete wax at all and used such
makeshifts as removing parcels of wax from old combs standing in
the sun or even from parts of the hive where they appeared not to be
needed, in order to fill the gap made by us. So the combs thus built,
at unnatural times, were not white, but dark; it was very easy to see
that they were built almost entirely of old wax. They were always
worker combs.

Since that time (some fifty years ago), I have often noticed that
bees remove wax from places where it does not seem to be required, to
use it in other spots. Comb foundation, placed in remote parts of the
hive, will be gnawed by the bees until the apiarist wonders whether
they are not trying to get rid of it. Yet, if he investigates, he will find
that none of the missing wax has been thrown away, but is used where
]t is thought by the bees to be more necessary.

Mr. A. C. Miller, of Ehode Island, made the statement that bees
often cut the combs near the entrance to such an extent as to leave an
empty space, which is later refilled by them with drone comb. That is
correct. The bees appear to see no need for comb near the entrance,
when the weather is cool, and so cut it down to use the pieces elsewhere.
When the warm season comes again, they rebuild this, often with drone
cells. This explains why Doolittle and others believed that bees would
tear down worker comb to rebuild drone comb. However, they do not
do this purposely, and such things are only accidental, with other aims
in view.

I wish to speak of one more question regarding the secretion of
wax and the supplying of already built combs. Men have asserted that
bees must build combs, and that when they do not find a place for the
use of this wax, they waste it. I am sure that this is an error. Bees
secrete wax only when they must remain loaded with honey. If there
are empty combs in the hive, to discharge the contents of their honey

108 TWENTY-SECOXD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

sacs, so they do not have to remain loaded, the production of wax is
very limited, barely enough to lengthen out the combs that have been
cut down during the winter consumption, enough to whiten the cells,
as the practical beekeeper calls it.

The quantity of comb necessary to fill a hive with all the "furni-
ture" that it needs is very limited, about two pounds in a ten frame
body. Messrs. Foloppe Brothers, of France, made some experiments on
different weights of foundation; these experiments were recorded in
the American Bee Journal for May and June 1911, as translated from
articles in L'Apiculteur. These experimenters, by coloring the wax of
which they made foundation, were enabled to ascertain that the entire
comb was built by the bees from the sheet of foundation, if the weight
of the sheet was not less than at the rate of six sheets, standard size, to
the pound. Anything lighter than that compelled the bees to produce
additional wax for comb building. Since that time, we have advised
beekeepers not to use foundation lighter than 6 sheets to the pound,
for brood combs^ if they wish to economize on the labor of the bees.
But the tendency to economy, in the dollars and cents invested, has led
beekeepers to demand about 7 sheets Langstroth size, to the pound,
which compels the bees to use about half a pound of wax of their own
production to finish out the combs of a hive.

In order to convince the doubting ones that there is no loss of
wax in a colony whose combs are already built, I will ask them, at the
time of swarming, to examine both colonies that build their own combs
and colonies whose combs were built beforehand. They will find more
wasted wax on the floor of the former than in the latter. The reason
is that, when bees build combs, there are always a number of scales of it
that fall to the floor. The less they secrete, the less is wasted. But
the only time when there is an actual and very positive waste of wax
is when they cut the cappings of the cells, in winter, to consume the
honey. At that time, it is out of the question for them to put it to use,
and it is swept out of the hive.

It may also be well to add that Italian bees are much more likely
to save, on wasted wax, than common bees. If you have a few hives
of Italian bees in an apiary of common bees, you will notice more
Italians than blacks, working on old- combs in the sun, in early spring.
We also found that Italians would rebuild removed combs quicker, all
other things being equal, when there is nothing in the field for them
to harvest.

My conclusions are that wax secretion is not a profitable thing to
the apiarist, all things considered, as long as wax is not worth ten
times as much as honey in a commercial way. We will continue to
return wax to the bees in good straight worker combs removing all
drone combs, except in such hives as may be wanted for breeders.

/^

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS'' ASSOCIATION. 30!)

IS THE LARGE HIVE A DANGEROUS FAD?

(By E. R. Boot, Medina, Ohio.)

That there have been expensive as well as dangerous fads in bee-
keeping, history shows. We older beekeepers remember the folly of
reversible frames; of excessive contraction for comb honey; of reversi-
ble hives; then, later, the divisible-brood-chamber hive that came near
wiping out beekeeping in some localities; how all of these fads were
exploited in the early '80's and ^90's; and how many beekeepers all
over the land invested their money in some of them, only to find, later
on, that they were not only dangerous fads but that their crops of
honey were growing less and less.

The qnestion might arise here, "Is the large hive which is now
receiving so much attention a passing fad or even a dangerous one?
Is it liable to be an expensive blunder like the double-brood-chamber
hive of the '80's and '90's ?"

I myself in times past, and in the ABC and X Y Z of bee culture,
have said too much in favor of big brood-chambers to turn about face
and now condemn them. ISTo, sir. The man who would condemn the
large hive is either prejudiced or an ignoramus. That some who
adopted it were bound to be disappointed, there can be no doubt; that
there are others who have tried it and like it is equally true. If so, we
may conclude that, while the large hive is not a fad nor even a danger-
ous one, it has its limitations — that is, it is adapted to some localities
under some conditions, and yet is not adapted to other localities under
other conditions. In order that we may consider this question in-
telligently and impartially, let us first discuss, as impartially as possible,
some of the advantages of the large hives, and then, later, discuss some
of their disadvantages.

Arguments in Favor of the Large Hive.

Xo one would argue today that the ten-frame Langstroth, with
combs built from an ordinary foundation that will stretch enough to
leave two inches of honey next to the top-bar, is large enough to ac-
commodate the egg-laying capacity of a good queen. Practically all
beekeepers are now agreed that, if the Langstroth hive is used, an
additional hive-body or super should be given to the colony for a cer-
tain period of the breeding season, and that, later on, this same breed-
ing should be confined to one story. This, then, naturally brings up
the job of shifting the queen from the upper to the lower story. While
the queen goes up readily, she is not inclined to go back in the lower

110 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

fctory. . It is right here tliat the apiarist must take a hand in the pro-
cedure. All of this involves a little extra labor and the use of additional
appliances; and if one uses the large hive he will be saving this labor
.because the queen will have room enough in the one brood-chamber.

It has also been argued that, in a larger brood-chamber where the
queen has plent}- of room, the bees are less inclined to swarm; and
this is one of the strong arguments in favor of the big brood-nest, as
there are many people who do not know how to control swarming with
the standard hive. To get the maximum amount of brood in a double
brood-chamber requires some experience and a knowledge of the locality.
If, therefore, one does not have this, would it not be better and safer
for him to adopt a large brood-nest that will take care of itself ?

Again, the advocates of the large brood-chamber, or at least some
of them, say they do not need any queen-excluders — that so far as lifting
is concerned they handle only shallow supers or shallow extracting-
combs.

It is argued again that a queen will lay better in a large frame
where she can expand her circle of egg-laying than in a relatively shal-
low frame like the Langstroth. Xot much doubt about that.

It is also claimed that a queen, unless forced up by the apiarist
en the Demaree plan, does not readily pass the line of honey, top-bars,
bee-space, and bottom-bars into the upper story — that when she does
so of her own free will she is inclined thereafter to stay upstairs and
desert the lower story. That is also true.

Again, if one belongs to the class that does not know when and
Jiow to manipulate a double brood-nest of Langstroth dimensions, and
that class made up of farmers and backlotters represent the majority
of beekeepers, should not all such adopt the large brood-nest ? Or, to
put it another way, would not the average small beekeeper succeed
better with a large brood-nest? To be frank, I am not so sure that he
would not.

So far the argument in favor of a large brood-nest, briefly summed
up, is that it saves extra manipulation, requires less skill in manage-
ment, allows the queen to expand her work naturally, saves the cost of
queen-excluders, tends to reduce swarming, and is better for the average
beekeepers who constitute the largest class. There is some truth in
all of these statements, particularly for some localities and for small
beekeepers of a limited experience, or the professional man Avho can
not give more time to his bees.

Argument Against the Large Hive.

Leit us now look at the other side — some of the disadvantages of
the large brood-nest : 1. It costs more per unit. 2. It is not standard,
in some cases requiring special bottom-boards, special covers, in all
cases extra-depth hive-bodies and extra-depth brood-frames, and a special
size of comb fundation. This brings about not only complication but
expense. 3. It is not readily adapted to the production of comb honey,
like the regular standard equipment. During war time, when every-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCLA.TIOX. Ill

thing seemed to be going over to the production of extracted honey
(a condition that does not now exist), the large hive seemed to have a
big boost in popular favor; but now that extracted honey is relatively
low in price, and comb honey is relatively high, there is a strong
tendency to go back to the production of comb honey. The big hive
is too deep for the production of comb honey to advantage. 4. A large
brood-nest adapted more to the needs of those who produce extracted
honey must necessarily use a shallower super and frame, because the
large brood-chamber depth is not suitable for the extractor. This
means extra equipment. 5. The large brood-chamber is unwieldy to
handle; and it is, therefore, not adapted to use of women or men who
are not capable of lifting heavy weights. 6. The regular standard
equipment of ten-frame Langstroth is just right for the production
either of comb honey or extracted honey, whichever the market seems
to demand for the time being. For the production of extracted honey
only, there need be but one unit of frames, hive-body, or super. Supers
or brood-nests, and frames that are interchangeable, not only save in
first cost but are a great convenience to the apiarist. 7. Eegular
Langstroth equipment, if one for any reason wishes to go out of the
business, will find a more ready market at a fair price because it is
standard than something that is special or irregular. 8. The advent
of the new sag-proof reinforced foundations now offered for sale may
so materially increase the breeding capacity of a standard Langstroth
ten-frame brood-chamber with a food-chamber on top that a large
brood-nest may not be needed.' Time will tell. 9. There is more at-
tention being given now to the breeding of better queens than ever.
Some queens have reached the capacity of twenty Langstroth frames.
If some queens can reach this maximum for one time, it is not possible
by scientific breeding and selection to get more of them? Already
there are not a few good queens that exceed the capacity of some of
the big hives or brood-nests now on the market; but there are none
that go beyond the capacity of a two-story ten-frame Langstroth equip-
ment. If we are to have better and more prolific queens in the future,
will the big hive be big enough for such queens? One thing is sure —
the standard equipment would meet the situation. 10. Since it is only
during a few weeks in the spring that the best of queens will fill more
than a standard ten-frame Langstroth broad-chamber, many beekeepers
prefer to let the bees expand the brood into an extracting-super during
the peak of brood-rearing rather than have a larger brood-chamber only
partly filled with brood at the beginning of the honey-flow. Bees enter
the supers more readily, and work in them more vigorously, when the
brood-chamber is crowded with brood.

Such, in brief, are the arguments in favor of small against the
large hive. I stated at the outset that the large hive is adapted to the
use of some people, especially those in localities where the seasons are
long, and where honey in the liquid form is produced. In average north-
ern localities, especially where alfalfa and white clover are produced,
I believe that the regular standard Langstroth is to be preferred — Xot
only because it is cheaper, but because, by proper manipulation by the

112 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

person who ought to know his business, he can regulate brood -rearing,,
i^eep swarming under reasonable control, and at the same time he can
produce either comb or extracted honey at will. Moreover, in some
localities it is desirable to restrict the queen's egg-laying activities by
confining her down to a brood-nest of limited capacity, after the main
part of the breeding season is over. Such restriction will reduce the
consuming force, after the season is over, down to a minimum rather
than have on hand a large force of workers that are only consumers,
and which will die off before fall comes on, but not till after they have
eaten a large amount of stores. Right here I might emphasize again
that the strongest argument for standard equipment is that it is
adapted for either comb or extracted honey. At the present time
comb honey is scarce, and extracted honey is of slow sale, with prices
tending to sag. In a word, the standard hive will adapt itself to more
conditions and localities than the large hive.

Any one who is thinking of adopting the large hive should try a
few first; and if the trial then is satisfactory, increase the number for
another season.

As a rule, if the beekeeper finds he has from 200 to 300 colonies
he had better stick to what he already has, whether it be a large or a
small hive. He can make money with either one of them. Don't —
don't — throw away old equipment.

To answer the question in the title, I would say that the .large hive
is not a fad nor a dangerous piece of equipment. The agitation in
favor of a large brood-nest indicates a healthy and a good symptom.
Whether that brood-nest shall be in a single or double unit will depend
on conditions. The average person should keep an open mind, study
his locality, and then make the decision himself after having tried the
large hive on a limited scale.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'" ASSOCIATION. 113

HONEY CANDIES AND THEIR MAKING.

(By Allen Latham., Normchtown, Conn.)

Houe}' is used in making many of our best candies and can be
u.sed in making simpler candies within the scope of the members of
the family of almost any beekeeper. Nougat and certain other rich
confections are rather difficult for the beginner in candy making and
1 shall not talk about such. In the first place I have no first hand
knowledge and in the second place do not think it would be productive
of much good. I will instead tell you of candies I have made myself
and which with a little practice anyone of you can make.

There are three forms of confections well within the reach of
anyone of ordinary skill. These three are chocolate-coated candied
honey, chocolate-coated comb honey, and a pulled candy in which the
chief ingredient is honey.

To make a high grade of the first mentioned candy one must have
a high grade of candied honey. Honey coarsely grained will not do.
Any sandy character will kill the candy. The honey must be of velvety
smoothness, must be what I term honey-butter. This should be pre-
pared at the approach of cold weather. Use only a well-ripened honey
and stir it once or twice slightly each day until it begins to thicken.
When it has reached a heavy cream stage pour it into a proper re-
ceptacle. I find a shallow square cake tin suitable, but if much candy
is to be made it will pay to make a form as follows :

Cut out two boards four inches wide and eight long, and two
four inches wide and three feet long. Screw the longer ones to the
shorter ones. Now cut a board three feet long and about ten inches
wide and screw this to the box made by the others. You now have a
shallow box four by eight by thirty-four inches about. The dimensions
are not obligatory. Suit yourself. Coat this box, which has been
carefully planed before nailing, with melted paraffine. Honey candied
in this is easily removed when hard and cold. The slab can be taken
out by removing screws and pulling off sides and ends of box.

Such a box will hold 30' to 40' pounds of honey, and if you are plan-
ning candy on a large scale you will have to make several such boxes.

The slabs of honey are cut with a thin sharp and long knife into
parallelopipeds of various dimensions suitable for coating. Th.ey can
be cut in nougatine form, caramel form or into small cubes. First
cut off slices about half to five-eighths of an inch thick and then cut
these slices into strips and then the strips into the final pieces. The
slicing should be done in a room about 55 to 60 degrees, and the small

-8 B A -,

11 J: TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

pieces at once tumbled about in powdered sugar and then set on w^xed
paper in close ranks. If now placed in a still colder and dry room
they will become very dry and easy to handle.

If one has never done any dipping he would do well to get friendly
with some local candy maker and get some hints. Dipping is an art
in itself. I can give a few simple directions, but success will not come
on your first trial. Buy a good grade of coating. The highest priced
is not always the best. At first you will do well to use the coating as it
comes. Later you may wish to do your own blending of sweet coating,
bitter coating, and cocoa butter. Good coating can be bought for from
20 to 30 cents per pound, and for even less in large quantities.

Melt the coating in a double boiler or cereal cooker. Do not over-
heat, allow time. When ready for dipping the melted chocolate should
not feel hot, but merely warm to the hand. It should be creamy and
small streams allowed to fall should keep their form for a moment
after they reach the mass. Do your dipping in a room not over GO
degrees if possible. Have either oil-cloth covered slabs or else waxed
paper upon which to lay the dipped candies. Each piece is dropped in
turn into the melted chocolate, given a roll and then removed to the
paper or slab.

Different dippers use differenf methods. Some use only the fingers,
others use forks, while others use special devices. I often use a hat pin
and a kitchen fork, jabbing the pin into the honey, dipping same into
chocolate and using the fork to dislodge the piece. There is great
latitude here and everyone will choose the way easiest to him.

If the coating is too hot it will run and form a wide foot. It will
also tend to be mottled. Before dipping the coating should be thoroly
stirred and be creamy thruout.

The resulting confection is very rich and has the admirable feature
that one cannot sit and eat a whole box at once. On the other hand it
is too monotonous to suit many a candy eater. As we make to sell,
we want the candy eaten up rapidly. We can give it variety as follows :
Chop up nut meats and mix with the honey just before pouring it into
the forms. Use in like manner chopped fruits of suitable character.
Skilful persons can coat cherries and cranberries with candied honey
or nut meats. Others will choose to lay halves of walnuts or pecans
on the candies just after dipping. There is great opportunity here for
ingenuity.

Last year for the first time I essayed dipping comb honey. It
seemed most difficult at first thought, but actual trial proved it very
simple.

Warm lightweight sections, or other comb honey in a room whicli
is about 80 degrees. Make ready a shallow pan, a big cooky tin, or
any big pan. Make a slat arrangement for this pan with slats alternat-
ing one and three inches apart. Lay each comb in turn on a block of
wood and with a very thin and sharp knife cut slices of honey in such
a manner that one row of cells will remain intact. Stand these slices
y>n edge across the slats. Continue until you have the entire pan

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. 115

covered with possibly 100 such slices. Allow to drain half an hour
or so.

Dip just as before except now you will find two forks convenient,
one for each hand. Lay a slice in the chocolate, roll it over and remove
to the waxed paper. You will now have what 1 term a "honey bar". It
is a chocolate bar with a comb honey filling and is most delicious to
any lover of chocolate. I find a ready sale for them and especially in
the school lunch. Anyone near a large school where a lunch counter
is run can find a market for many gross of these bars. A small glassine
envelope or bag is fine for putting each bar into, but adds to the cost.
I find that I can make them to sell at four cents so that they can retail
for five.

Cooking honey spoils its flavor very quickly. Fortunately there
are some honeys that can be cooked slightly without spoiling the flavor.
In fact, some varieties are improved with slight cooking. If then we
can select the right variety we can make a delicious pulled candy by
following the directions I will now offer.

To make two pounds of candy put about two cups of sugar to
half a cup or so of water and add a small pinch of cream of tartar.
Boil in a shallow pan without stirring.

With a clean spoon carefully skim once or twice. This is to re-
move any sugar crystals, and is unnecessary if all is carefully dissolved
at the first. Cook until the syrup begins to turn yellow. If you have
a thermometer you will find that the temperature is almost to 300
degrees. Do not burn. When you have the syrup cooked to this high
temperature, about 290 or so, pour in one to two cups of honey. Try
one cup in first batch and decide later whether you can use more. Use
all you can and get results.

Xow comes the difficult part. If the honey is very heavy and ripe
it will add but little water, but if thin it will add much water. This
added water must be got rid of. The mixture will at once cool down
and will begin to boil again at perhaps 250 or 260. It must be carried
if possible to about 280 in order to pull well. To do this without
spoiling the flavor of the candy is very hard indeed. It can be done,
for I have done it many times.

When the mixture is done pour into buttered tin and allow to
cool slightly. Do not let it harden. If done enough one can pull it
with the bare hands, beginning when it is so hot that it almost burns
the flngers unbearably.

Pulling candy is an art and has to be learned the same as dipping.
Most people handle the candy too much in pulling, squeezing and
mauling it. Pull with the finger tips touching the candy as little as
possible. Pull it out long and fold together so as to entrap a lot of
air. When pulled properly a hunk of candy will treble in size because
of the entrapped air. This makes the candy very white and light,
delicious to chew.

Honey is very deliquescent, that is it absorbs water from the air.
All candies made from honey must be coated. This pulled candy can

116 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

be cut into small pieces and given a chocolate coating or it can be
wrapped in waxed paper.

All three of these candies I mention meet the need of the sweet-
loving child and they have the most desirable characteristic. They are
pure and wholesome.

Following were some of the questions asked Mr. Latham and
answered by him at the conclusion of his address :

Q. How do you keep the paraflfine in your pans from cracking ?

A. Use a softer paraffine.

Q. Do you use burnt sugar in your chocolate?

A. No.

Q. Do you try thinning your chocolate with cocoa butter when
too thick by age?

A. Better thin with other chocolate or use it to make a cheaper
candy. It ceases to be good coating when it gets thick.

Q. What about the cooling off process?

A. It is very slow.

Q. How do you tell good chocolate coating?

A. Get a good brand such as "Gladiola" or "Dot" brand.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 117

SOME HIGH POINTS IN HUBAM AND HONEY PRODUCTION.

(By E3w. A. Winkler, Joliet, III.)

I firmly believe that the $3,500 I invested in growing Hubam seed
in 1921 was the best investment I ever made. My seed crop the past
year can easily be called clear profit, for the honey I got from my Hiibam
the past season will more than cover my past expenses in raising my
1921-1922 crop of seed. Also bear in mind that I have a big honey
crop to look forward to the coming season and for years to come.
Truly a bright outlook, fellow beekeepers, and I wish that you all
could have the good luck such as I have had and could look forward
to a large honey crop that is practically assured every year.

What I have done to insure a yearly honey crop here in Will
County, you too can do if there are any progressive farmers near you.
Many beekeepers and wouldbe beekeepers have written to me already
for locations, saleable apiaries, etc. You can make your own locations
just as profitable as I have made mine, all you need is a little capital,
nerve, and judicious work. Bear in mind that I did not induce Will
County farmers to plant Hubam for my own pecuniary benefit or the
benefits I would derive from it through bees, but realized that it was
the coming clover for the farmer to plant and that the real issue and
benefit that eventually would be gained from Hubam would be in soil
building.

A great deal of experimenting will be done here this year with
Hubam. One of them will be to plant Hubam in corn, using the soy
bean attachment with a special disc, the plan being to get a stock of
Hubam growing in every or every other hill of corn.

I do not believe that the stock of Hubam will sap any great
amount of nourishment from the hill of corn, for I rather think it
will stunt the Hubam, but it will bloom and seed enough to completely
reseed the field so that in the following spring when the grain is
disked in, the field will already be seeded to Hubam and a saving of
12 to 14 pounds of Hubam seed to the acre will be made. About one-
half pound of Hubam seed to the acre should be enough and some
system of planting should be used to have the seed drop so that the
wheels of the planter will cover the seed. How much will be smothered
from hilling the corn up, and which is the only objection to this
method, will be determined this year.

We are cleaning and scarifying Hubam seed here now for the
farmers with a large portable power cleaner I purchased this winter.
The cleaner and scarifier are loaded up as per illustration and taken
right to the farms, and as the machine has a capacity of 25 bushels

lis TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

per hour, a very nominal charge is made per bushel; some seed
finalyzing 99 per cent after being run thru once.

This seed cleaning is not a money making business, for I en-
deavor to do it reasonably and for less than I value my time. It is
another inducement for it enables the farmer to retail a clean scarified
grade of seed to his neighbors at a profit rather than ship it all to a
seed house in the rough state and thereby get it out of this county.
For, as I've stated before, my desire is to get Hubam growing on every
farm in Will County and if every farmer in this county planted Hubam
as he should for his own benefit the coming year, there would not be
near enough seed in this county to go around, and the past year Will
County produced more Hubam seed than all the rest of the State of
Illinois.

By the way, this trailer is equipped with a Brice automatic coupler,
is attached or detached in a few seconds and is a one ton trailer. I have
carried 2,600 pounds safely on it several times and it has been a real
time and labor saver to me the past two years. It takes the bumps
much easier than a Ford touring car and is better than a one ton
truck. It is low down, no drag and we push a 9 ft. x 10 ft. x 7 ft.
high honey house over on it and move it most as easy as we haul 20
winter cased hives of bees.

Although honey movements have been rather slow this winter, yet
if we can produce larger crops we can sell at a price within reach of
all, then I do not believe we need fear of an over production, for if
Hubam yields yearly as it did in 1922, I can produce honey and sell
it by the car for 6 cents a pound and make money doing it.

In these years it is capacity or quantity that counts and the one
that can run his business at double capacity is the one that will come
out on top.

]\Iost all business nowadays is done on a large scale, larger business
and small profits.

Class yourself in the doer grade, wake up you Mr. Beekeeper that
have had your location and trade all to yourself so long that you think
you own it, for sooner or later some young fellow with a lot of nerve
will steal your trade from you, crowd in on your location with new
methods of progressive beekeeping, and soon you will be forced to find
other means of occupation, for I never saw such interest manifested
in beekeeping as there has been the past two years. So remember
quantitv, production with more extensive and progressive methods is
the only thing that will save you.

There is lots of room for improvement in your locations and there
is a lot you can gain by getting into this Hubam movement as I have.
I have not had much experience with Hubam growing in a wild state
and left alone, but a handful of seed scattered with hulls from my
scarifier last spring around on my lawn which is of a heavy sod and
after continually being mowed everv week with a lawn mower, until
late in the fall, grew up to a height of from 9 to 12 inches and set
bloom after the lawn was laid by. Other seed grew outside my shop
door in the back yard which has a top dressing of 5 inches of ashes,

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. 119

and grew Up to 18 inches high, and set seed. A small row planted on
an abandoned hillside of h^rd clay, by a wouldbe enthusiast and then
neglected and left to itself seeded in 1921 and last year, 1922, there
was a considerable patch growing and appeared as if it would multiply
and gradually cover the whole hill in time.

One farmer I sold 700 pounds to last spring planted it all in
nurse crops and in November shipped a car load of over 26,000 pounds
after keeping out some for local selling and next year's planting.

The time reduction realized in crop rotation with this peculiar
and most useful legume, I believe, will overcome the ravages of the
chinch bug pest and may have some bearing in reducing the destruction
caused by the Hessian fly.

Edw. Winkler with his seed cleaner and scarifier going to the farmer's help.

Limestone when used as a soil improvement agent in sufficient
quantities has been found to retain the fertility of the soil with the
aid of leguminous plants for a period of 20 years. An application of
sufficient limestone should be made to correct the acidity of the soil
and then apply just enough at each rotation to maintain the soil in
a neutral state.

Sweet clover will do well on many soils which are not fertile
enough to grow red clover or alfalfa, and it is on these soils that it
will prove most valuable. Like many other plants, it makes its best
growth on fertile soils rich in calcium carbonate, although it will make
sufficient growth on poor soils which are not acid to warrant planting
it on them. Many hilly pastures may profitably be seeded to sweet
clover. It will not only make a valuable addition to the forage of
these pastures but will improve the soil so that grasses will grow more
abundantly. Some of the best pastures in the middle west are com-
posed of bluegrass, timothy, and sweet clover.

Sweet clover, like all legumes, has the power to extract nitrogen
from the atmosphere, and on account of its extensive root system it is

120 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

able to obtain phosphorus and potassium from a larger area than most
plants. The large roots not only add a quantity of humus and nitrogen
to the soil, but they also open it up to a considerable depth, thus
providing better aeration and improving its physical condition. Im-
proved physical condition causes the bacterial flora to increase and there-
by indirectly causes a larger quantity of unavailable phosphorus and
potassium to be made available for plant use.

1 had very little time to requeen any in 1921 and consequently
my colonies were not headed with very young queens in 1922 and con-
sequently were below normal last spring considering the favorable
winter. What good full colonies with young queens will do was shown
by quite a few of my colonies that produced 450 pounds each the past
year.

It is a well known fact that it pays every successful beekeeper to
become a member of all Beekeepers Associations in his county and
State. But one of the best investments he can make is to join his
County Farm Bureau and by so doing get in close touch with his
neighbor farmers with whom he can talk legumes, land fertility, forage,
etc., and directly become acquainted with some of the largest clover
raisers of his county.

It does not require a great deal of time to interest farmers in
your calling and with the growing tendency of the progressive class of
farmers it soon becomes evident that they are more dependent on the
beekeeper than they had thot for. This in a large measure depends
on the beekeeper in explaining the necessity of bees for fertilization of
their clover bloom.

Don't expect the farmer to know anything about the fertilization
of clover blossoms, for the average farmer has read very little, as there
is very little written on this subject that the farmer is apt to get hold
of, so it is up to the beekeeper to enlighten him. By so doing you
will soon find that you are no longer looked upon as a "keeper of bees",
but as an apiculturist with a worthy occupation that the country as a
whole is very dependent upon more or less, for the fertility of its
orchards, gardens and farms.

You will be told that years ago there were very few large apiaries
and large yields of fruit, etc., harvested. Today where farming is
becoming more concentrated, more clovers being raised and more ex-
tensive farming being practiced and with the fast removal of the
woodlands, the old home of the wild honey bees is passing. The oc-
c-upation of the apiculturist is a worthy and very needy one. Much
more so than our representatives, statesmen and government officials
have become aware of, and never before has it been so clearly demon-
strated that the advent of beekeeping has become of so great an im-
portance to the agriculture of this country.

And as the two are so closely related and, figuratively speaking,
they go hand in hand, each benefited by the other, it becomes clear to
all of us that the creator was not only very generous but extremely far-
sighted, for Mother Nature was not forgotten.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS'' ASSOCIATION. 121

One of the things that is outstanding in my success is the art of
concentration and stick-to-it-ive-ness. All successful ventures are
founded upon these. There are many paths and by-paths in beekeeping
and to be a successful beekeeper one must follow them all, experiment
extensively and promote those developments that insure a successful
future. These and all other practices are included in concentration
upon the business you undertake.

'■■ 1
J.

122 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

SWARMING.

(By Geo. S. Demuth.)

In the early days of beekeeping swarming was considered desirable,
for it was only thru swarming that increase for slaughter could be
obtained. Later on swarming was looked upon as a necessary evil,
being considered a part of the annual program of colonies of bees.

Perhaps beekeepers would have been content to continue looking
upon swarming as a necessary evil if they had not discovered that
under some conditions colonies of bees will go thru the season without
swarming. This sometimes occurs .even during the best of seasons
when the colonies which refrain from swarming usually give a record
yield. Furthermore, beekeepers observed that during some seasons a
majority of the colonies in an apiary would swarm while during other
seasons only a few Avould swarm. While it might be expected that
most swarming would occur during a prosperous season, this is not
always the case, for sometimes a large proportion of the colonies would
swarm during a poor season for honey and other times only a few
colonies would swarm during a good season. It was common knowledge
among beekeepers many years ago that while much swarming might
be expected during a prosperous season, a good honey flow does not
necessarily mean much swarming. In addition to this it was apparent
thru the writings of beekeepers from different localities that swarming
is easily controlled year after year in some locations, while in other
locations it is exceedingly troublesome almost every year.

These differences in the behavior of colonies of bees in the same
apiary during the same season, in the same location during different
seasons; and in different locations caused beekeepers to search for that
which brings on swarming in certain colonies and that which tides
other colonies over without a thought of swarming.

In the search for the thing that throws the switch and leads
colonies headlong into swarming, some have looked upon swarming as
an inherited trait that might be bred out. At one time American
beekeepers made a serious effort to breed out swarming by careful se-
lection from stocks less inclined to swarm. Some even claimed to have
produced a non-swarming strain of bees, but today it is generally agreed
that swarming cannot be eliminated entirely by breeding tho it has
no doubt been greatly reduced by the elimination of stock too much
given to swarming without sufficient excuse.

Lack of room is generally recognfzed as contributing to the ten-
dency to swarm. As a rule, colonies in large hives swarm less than
colonies in small hives. At one time it was thought that swarming
could be eliminated entirelv bv means of large hives. It was pointed

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

123

out that colonies of bees established in attics do not swarm because of
tlie great abundance of room for the queen. In some localities a large
brood chamber does practically eliminate swarming, but when the same
\LTge brood chambers are used in other localities swarming results.
Large hives and an abundance of room in the form of empty combs
will go a long way toward the elimination of swarming, but they do
not prevent swarming entirely in all localities every season.

The beekeeper in the white clover region of tiie northeastern part
<if the United States and parts of Canada is led to believe that swarm-
ing is a result of a good honey flow from white clover and alsike clover,
which comes in bloom about the time bees begin to swarm. But he
also notices that when the bees were wintered well colonies sometimes
swarmed before the opening of the clover bloom, swarms sometime!!
issuing even during the dearth of nectar Just previous to the beginning

Apiary of F. Disart at Lincoln, 111.

of the honey flow. In some localities, especially in the south, swarming
occurs several weeks previous to the beginning of the main honey flow
and ceases entirely when the honey flow begins. While the honey flow
greatly influences swarming, it cannot be considered the cause.

At one time it was thought that the presence of a large number of
drones in the hive brought on swarming. This is the theory of swarm-
ing which caused Aspinwall to construct wooden combs by drilling
holes into the ends of blocks of wood to form the cells in order to
eliminate entirely drone cells. He was not successful in eliminating
swarming in this way.

Again it was thought that'swarming is brought on by the presence
of an old queen. Working on this theory some beekeepers in the north
requeened their apiaries in the spring before swarming time with young
queens from the south. While this reduced swarming to some extent,
it did not eliminate the trouble, for many colonies having young queens
swarmed a few weeks after the young queens were introduced. Graven-

124 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

horst laid down the rule that a colony having a laying queen reared
this season will not swarm this season, provided the queen was reared
in this colony. If she was reared elsewhere, the colony may swarm
this season. But we know that if the old queen is removed at swarming
time and all queen cells (if any) are destroyed, then all queen cells
again destroyed ten days later, a young laying queen from another
colony may be introduced a few days later with as much safetv from
swarming as tho the young queen had been reared in this colony.
Apparently the condition of the colony brought about by the period of
queenlessness has more to do with the prevention of swarming than
the age of the queen.

Gerstung, a German investigator, put forth the theory that swarm-
ing is brought on by an unbalanced condition of the colony as to age
of bees, swarming being the result of a preponderance of young bees.
This fits in well with the well-known facts that the tendency to swarm
is strongest early in the season when young bees are emerging in great-
est numbers. It also helped to explain why swarming is worse during
those season when the building up is most rapid so that an abnormal
number of young bees are present in the hive at the time of greatest
emerging. It also explains why swarming is more troublesome in the
north where brood reading is conducted more rapidly in the spring than
in the south. It also helps to explain why colonies are willing to give
up swarming when their brood is taken away as in artificial swarming
as well as why the swarming impulse disappears about 20 days after
removing the queen when the dequeening plan to prevent swarming is
used. This theory is the basis for the so-called "shook swarming" in
comb-honey production and the Demaxee plan in extracted-houey pro-
duction. The theory is also the basis for the construction of the Aspin-
wall non-swarming hive which provided extra room between the combs
for the surplus young bees. However, a large proportion of young bees
does not always bring on swarming under good management. This has
led some to look further for the cause of swarming.

The tendency to swarm is greater in those localities where weather
conditions and the character of the honey flow cause field bees to stay
within their hives during a part of the day. Swarming is less trouble-
some when the field bees can work in the field from morning till night.
Years ago it was noticed that swarming is less troublesome in the arid
regions of the west where alfalfa and sweet clover furnish a dependable
source of nectar and where weather conditions are usually favorable
during the honey fiow. In the east the field bees are often confined to
tlieir hive during the honey flow by rain or by erractic yielding of the
flowers.

Out of all this confusion of ideas in regard to swarming there now
appears one thing that is always present in normal swarming so far as
the prime swarm is concerned. If this one thing is present the colony
is liable to swarm whether the strain is one that Jias been bred for non-
swarming or not, whether the hive is large or small, whether the colony
is weak or strong, whether the queen is several years old or only a few
weeks old. This one thing that is always present is a congestion of

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES'' ASSOCIATION. 125

bees within the brood nest, bringing to the colony a feeling of strength
or a need of expansion. This then is the thing to avoid, for without
congestion of the brood nest there is but little if any tendency to swarm.

If this ■ congestion is brought about in a weak or medium-sized
colony by the colony confining its work to the brood chamber leaving
the supers and remote brood combs vacant and crowding the queen by
surrounding the brood nest with honey, the congestion within this little
brood nest is as real and as potent in bringing on swarming as tho the
colony were twenty times as strong. The remedy in this case is stronger
colonies or a strain of bees less inclined to crowd the queen in this
manner.

If the congestion and discomfort are brought about by a lack of
ventilation or shade the remedy is obvious.

If the congestion is brought about by a preponderance of young
bees which are inclined to stay in the brood nest too long, at least a
partial remedy is to invite these young bees into the supers by giving
a set of' attractive empty combs immediately above the brood combs, thus
making the invitation as strong as possible.

If the congestion is brought about by field bees staying at home, as
they often do even when nectar is plentiful because the hive is already
. crowded and uncomfortable, the remedy is to invite more bees into the
super and give more ventilation if needed.

As is well known it is sometimes easier to control swarming in
strong colonies than in weak or medium colonies. The congestion
within the brood nest is a result of improper distribution of bees thruout
the hive, for the hive can be expanded to accommodate even the largest
colony. Bees must be induced to expand their work as the hive is
expanded. If most of the bees can be induced to leave the brood nest,
going either into the supers or to the field, all is well.

If the congestion in the brood nest is caused by field bees staying
'at home during the day waiting for the flowers to begin to yield, the
problem becomes more difficult, but here again anything that adds to
the comfort of the colony should help.

126 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

STORES AS CROP INSURANCE.

(By G. H. Cale.)

Feeding has at times been a much abused practice and a subject
of considerable discussion in the bee magazines. In the spring it is
common to have colonies run short of stores, and since usually there is
a possibility of minor nectar flows occurring to make good the deficiency,
feeding is often neglected. Nature is ever a fickle dame, however, and
colonies should be watched to insure that sufficient food is constantly
present to prevent starvation. As long as there is capped honey in
th.e hive, additional food is, for a time, unnecessary.

However, since, the object of all well directed work in the apiary
previous to the honeyfiow is to have a strong gathering force when the
flow begins, there comes a time in spring when feeding is done not only
to prevent starvation but also to insure the continuance of brood rear- •
ing. When the queen breaks her winter's rest and starts to lay, the
daily quota of eggs gradually increases until a high level is reached
when the number of eggs in a day may average three or four thousand.
Under favorable conditions there is no other period in the year when
the amount of brood present at one time is as great as at this peak in
the first part of the season. Strong colonies may then increase their
population from a force of 15,000 to 20,000 bees to one of 80,000 or
more, an increase of 12 to 13 pounds of bees.

Food Required.

Unfortunately, conditions are not always favorable to this increase
and one of the frequent drawbacks is the lack of the stimulation which
comes from the presence of an abundance of food for the development
of the brood. Where there is a limited food supply the number of
mouths must of necessity be restricted, and unless nectar is to be found
m plenty outside the hive, the daily additions to the brood inside will
be reduced some time before the reserve food is exhausted. Strong
colonies with large amounts of brood often do not retrench quickly
enough, and when stores are scant such colonies must be watched
carefully, since they frequently die of starvation in a very short time.

This behavior places an emphasis on feeding which has not been
given often enough. A few figures on the requirements of brood are
available which are interesting and of much practical value. In looking
over the results of the experiments in beekeeping conducted by R. L.
Taylor at the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, Demuth ob-
tained figures from which he was able to express the total food require-
ments of the honeybee from the hatching of the egg to the emergence

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

127

of the adult. It requires approximately 5 pounds of honey to a pound
of bees; or one frame of honey to on^jframe of brood. The probable
accuracy of these figures will be reajdily supported by those who have
observed the swift disappearance of stores when brood-rearing is at itg
height. To increase in numbers from 3 or 4 pounds of bees in early
spring to the 16 or 18 pounds which we like to have before the honey-
flow, takes a minimum, therefore of 60 to 70 pounds of honey, not
figuring the food consumed by bees which emerge * or are removed
by death.

G. H. CAL.B.
President of the Chicago-Northwestern Beekeepers' Association.

There is also another factor which enters the feeding question at
this time. The mere production of bees is not so important as the need
for hees of the right age at the right time.

Since the honeybee is not capable of materially renewing its energy,
the life of the worker is not measured by time, but by the amount of

128

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

work done. For the maximum efficiency of the honej^-gathering force,
therefore, the workers must not have consumed much energy in field
labors before the honeyfiow begins. Bees may easily be too old for the
production of the largest crop. On the other hand, it is equally true
that a working force with a majority still too young to engage actively
in field work will not do justice to the honeyfiow until the bees age a
bit. It then frequently happens that the best of the flow is over. There
is evidently a definite period previous to the honeyfiow, during which
the raising of bees is the most favorable thing a colony can do.

For practical discussion, the factors which may be considered as
determining this period, as above indicated, are the length of life of the
worker and the age at which bees first go to the field. Since the usually
accepted average for the life of the worker is six weeks, bees emerging

ApniT

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Cood consumptton naa.v/

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Wixter fsried Oet-^pril

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y

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y

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1 v«eK

Honey

(tOM

Chart showmg relation of stores to progress of aprin-g brood-bearing.

previous to the sixth week before the honeyfiow are of no Use during
the fiow. Hence, brood-rearing, from the beekeeper's standpoint, as-
sumes first importance in the colony activity for a month and a half
before the honeyfiow. Yet of the workers produced then only those
that are just becoming field bees when the flow starts will be of maxi-
mum value. When brood-rearing is at its best, it is not unusual to
see 75,000 cells of brood at one time, and we would like to exert some
magic which would insure all this brood present as eggs about 35 days
before the flow. Should the harvest last over six weeks, of course, it is
important to continue with a renewed force of workers until it ends.

There are regions and seasons when, under a natural stimulus,
this peak of favorable population is long past before the flow begins

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEEs' ASSOCIATION". 129

and the beekeeper's problem is then complicated by the need of delaying
the peak in some way, or of continuing the heavy brood-rearing. lHo
two seasons are alike in this and the beekeeper must be alert enough
to be able to shift his program to meet the needs of the occasion.

It is generally unsafe to depend entirely on the nectar resources at
this time of year to supply the rich abundance of stores so essential to
the development of numerous honey gatherers. Each three days, for
weeks at a time, a fertile queen may easily fill two frames with eggs
which hatch into thousands of hungry larvae. The enormous growth
which these tiny creatures make in the six days of their larval life is
indicative of their food requirements, and there are periods when over
6 pounds of honey a day are needed to keep up the development. When
sufficient nectar is obtained, to furnish this amount of food daily, it
comes pretty near being a honeyflow for which the bees should have
already been developed.

Providing the Food.

The result of this discussion is to bring us back again to the need
of providing the colony with at least a part of its spring food require-
ments in some other way. The feeder is usually resorted to and fre-
quently of necessity. There are years when the early consumption of
stores is excessive, due to unusual climatic conditions ; or the honeyflow
the year before may have failed to supply enough for reserve stores; or
other obstructions due to unavoidable circumstances may leave the
feeder as the only way out. It can scarcely be disputed, however, that
from all points of view, the ideal way to provide stores is to leave an
abundance of sealed honey with each colony in the fall; enough to last
the winter through and, under normal conditions, to provide for brood-
rearing in the spring. There seems to be only two excusable situations
for using the feeder, (a) to prevent actual starvation or an undesirable
shortage due to unavoidable conditions; (b), to stimulate brood-rearing
between honeyflows or in queen rearing.

In either case syrup, or candy made of granulated sugar or honey
free from disease, are the only foods which can be universally recom-
mended. In feeding to make good a deficiency, the syrup is usually
made of one or two parts of sugar to one of water, but for stimulative
purposes a much thinner syrup is more effective. A common formula
is two parts of water to one of sugar, but it is frequently made even
thinner than this. Unless feeding for winter stores, no attention need
be paid to securing the inversion of the sugar to prevent granulation,
since the bees readily take care of this part of the process. The heaviest
feeding is best done during the six weeks' period when brood-rearing
is of most value and it must be remembered that at this time large
amounts of food are necessary.

Stimulative feeding is a matter which can be overdone, especially
in the early season, when the weather is still cool. The practice of
stimulation at this time is often inadvisable and, in the hands of the
inexperienced, it is easy to overcome the good judgment of the bees and
induce them to rear more brood than they can care for properly. Later
— 9 B A

130 TWENTY-SEOOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

stimulation ma}^ be valueless, since usually when it would do the most
good there is sufficient nectar available to serve the same purpose. It
should be again emphasized here that, in the spring, neither stimulative
feed nor nectar alone take the place of an abundant reserve of stores.
Whenever there is a dearth of nectar, however, or it is necessary to
keep up brood-rearing out of season, as in queen-rearing, stimulative
feeding is an acceptable practice.

Candy feed is most useful in cool weather to prevent starvation
from lack of stores. The ordinary Good candy, or queen cage candy, in
amounts sufficient to give iive or six pounds to each colony, is satisfac-
tory. The receipt for this candy is well known and calls for honey or
invert syrup mixed to a stiff dough with confectionary sugar which
contains no starch. If honey is used in making the candy it must be
free from disease. When mixing, it is a good scheme to heat the syrup
or honey, since the resulting candy will then remain stiff at ordinary
temperatures. Paper pie plates serve well as inexpensive containers.
Two of these filled with candy and inverted over each cluster of bees will
last a long time, unless brood-rearing becomes too great. It is also
important to keep the cluster covered with some protecting material, to
prevent the escape of heat and, where packing of any kind is used, this
may be replaced about the plates. Loose packing may be kept from sift-
ing down between the frames by covering the top of the hive with a
burlap or cloth before replacing the packing. Eeceipt? are also available
for making fondants, which are useful for feeding in this manner and
v.liich do not require the use of honey. ^

Preparing the Syrup.

When using syrup it is most practical to make, at one time, amounts
sufficient to care for all the colonies that may need help. The sugar
and water may be mixed and heated in a large container until the sugar
is entirely melted. To carry the feed to outapiaries, five-gallon cans
are convenient. We use five-gallon oil cans for this purpose, since it
is easy to pour the feed from them, and they are stout enough to stand
considerable handling. Of all the feeders used, we find the inverted or
at mospheric feeder to be by far the most useful. Two of these, holding
five pounds each, are inverted at the edge of the hive with the oil cloths,
which we use, turned back just enough to let the bees get to the feed.
]n settled warm weather this is not of importance. Shallow pans of
feed placed on the frames and covered with grass to serve as floats will
do very well, but they are not satisfactory unless the weather is warm,
since the bees may not take the feed readily. Outside feeders are not
satisfactory, since they not only create considerable disturbance but
usually colonies already well supplied with stores, being the stronger,
get most of the feed, and the object of the work is thus partly defeated.

It is better to be beforehand than behindhand when colonies are
in danger of becoming short of stores, and in a country where the_ roads
to outapiaries quickly become impassable to machines after rains or
thaws, it is important to watch the chances for visits to the yards.
Each yard should be supplied with sufficient cans of feed and with
feeders enough to care for later emergencies.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'' ASSOCIATION". 131

FOOD LAWS ON HONEY IN ILLINOIS.

Reports were made at the Springfield Convention that comb-honey
labeled as "honey" had been judged misbranded by the State depart-
ment and that the beekeepers so branding it had been ordered to with-
draw their honey from the market or properly brand it.

Your Secretary got in touch with the department and finds that
it is necessary to brand honey as "extracted honey," "comb honey" or
"strained honey" to comply with the law.

Excerpts from the law are given below.

On any subject not made clear we suggest that each beekeeper
take the matter up with the Superintendent of the Division of Foods
and Dairies for Illinois. His name and address is Alfred H. Jones.
1410 Kimball Building, Chicago.

The following regulations were taken from the Illinois Food laws:

Definition of Honey.

1. Honey is the nectar and saccharine exudations of plants
gathered, modified, and stored in the comb by honey bees {Aphis
mMlifica and A. dorsata; is laevorotatory, contains not more than
twenty-five per cent (25%) of water, not more than twenty-five hun-
dreths per cent (0.25%) of ash, and not more than eight per cent
(8%) of sucrose.

2. Comb Honey is honey contained in the cells of comb.

3. Extracted Hfney is honey which has been separated from the
uncrushed comb by centrifugal force or gravity.

4. Strained Honey is honey removed from the crushed comb
by straining or other means.

Rules on Labeling.

Eule 1. Labels, (a) The term* "label" applies to any printed,
pictorial, or any other matter upon or attached to any package of food
product, or any container thereof subject to the provisions of the Illi-
nois Dairy and Food Laws.

(b) The principal label shall consist of (1) all the information
specifically required by the Dairy and Food Laws. (2) All the in-
formation necessary to be announced to make the product legal in con-
formity with definitions, standards, rules and regulations.

This information shall be made in a conspicuous, plain manner
without the intervention of descriptive or explanatory reading matter,
which in any manner tends to make the necessary statements confus-
ing or inconspicuous.

132 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OP THE

In preparing a legal label the following statements among others
should be incorporated:

True or distinctive name of article.

Deviation from standard.

Presence of artificial color^ and preservative.

ISTet weight, volume, or numerical count.

Name and address of dealer, manufacturer, or jobber.

The type used shall not be less than 8 point Brevier caps, unless
the size of package makes necessary smaller type.

EuLE 2. Labeling of cartons. Cartons or other outside
wrapers shall be labeled according to the same principle as the bottle,
can, or other receptacle, contained therein.

KuLE 3. Statement of net weight, measure, or numerical
COUNT. The net weight, measure, or numerical count of a package
shall be correctly and plainly stated on the principal label.

In the statement of net weight, measure, and numerical count,
manufacturers may be guided by the rules and regulations issued for the
enforcement of the net weight sections of the National Food and Drug
Act, except for such other rules and regulations as are promulgated by
the Superintendent of Foods and Dairies. Provided, however. That a
tolerance will not be granted or recognized except on such packages as,
when full, come within the federal tolerance provision.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS^ ASSOCIATION, 133

HOW TO SELL HONEY.

(By E. G. LeStourgeon, Manager, Texas Honey Producers Association^

San Antonio.)

The beekeepers of Texas formed their association chiefly with the
idea of marketing their product in the safest, surest and most econom-
ical way. Prior to 1916 the producer of honey in Texas sold his product
to a now almost extinct species of "pirate" who bought up the crop
at the lowest possible price and sold it without regard to any estab-
lished channels of trade or any idea of business ethics. Time and
again the producer sold his product at 5 to 7 cents per pound f. o. b.
his station to these "honey buyers" while honey was being retailed in
nearby markets at 25 to 40 cents.

In July, 19(16, beekeepers agreed to pool their interests and sell
their honey through a central agency under a uniform brand. Letters
were written the wholesale grocers in Texas and nearby states offering
this honey under a strict money back guarantee at a uniform freight
prepaid price to the retail grocer everywhere in the trade territory, less
a reasonable trade discount to the wholesaler. During that year less
than $20,000 of honey was sold under the Lone Star brand, but within
three years sales had grown to over $250,000.00.

Each year since the association was organized the members have
received from two to five cents per pound more for their honey, sold
through the association, than the "honey buyers" have paid to their
neighbors. At the same time, owing to an established published price
to the retailer everywhere, (the same in Oklahoma, Arkansas or in
Texas), the price to the consumer has been lower on the average than
formerly.

The marketing plan is simplicity itself. On the first Tuesday of
April of every year nine members of the association, elected for the
purpose at the annual meeting, having gathered reports on crop, price,
flora, and general conditions, meet in San Antonio to compare them.
Taking conditions and crop prospects into consideration they name a
price that the producer should receive for his early spring honey. To
this price is added the average freight paid per pound the year before
on shipments to the retail trade, a charge of 1 cent per pound to cover
the cost of labels and the rigid money back guarantee, and 121/2 per
cent (of the selling price) discount for the wholesale grocer. The total
is the uniform price to the retailer everywhere. This price is published
and the honey wholesalers begin to book orders.

When honey is ready the member notifies the association office and
states the approximate number of pounds of comb or extracted. Con-

134 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

tainers, labels, and shipping instructions are sent to the member and he
ships direct to the retail grocer to fill the orders booked by the whole-
salers' salesmen. We do not solicit and do not want carload business.
By the old plan honey was collected by the "buyer" at a central place
(first freight charge), it was sent in car lot to the wholesale or Jobbing
point (second freight charge), and then shipped (third freight charge),
to the retailer. Our honey goes direct from apiary to retail store. This
is where our greatest saving comes in.

The association insists upon uniform pack and standardizes the
container. No mark on can, case, or label, is permitted to designate
the apiary from which the honey moves. A serial number on a uniform
bill of lading, furnished to the member by the association, . is the sole
means of identification. The member is held to account for every claim
against his honey, and if not up to association standard in every way
the honey is ordered returned direct to him from the consuming point.
(Thus some more freight and handling charges are saved). This re-
turning to the unfair or careless grader of his product, with accumu- .
lated freight charges, is penalty enough and in all this time no serious
controversy has ever arisen nor has a member ever refused to accept
responsibility when pack, flavor or grade is questioned. In fact, we
make our guarantee a very broad one. A person may return a can of
"Lone Star Honey" to his grocer and get his money back for no reason
at all. As we once said in our advertising, " 'Lone Star Honey' is a
money-back product. You may return it if your family does not like
the color of the label." This sort of guarantee pays. It is necessary to
fix confidence in the mind of the retailer and consumer. You would be
surprised, as we were, how few unjust claims have ever been made. The
guarantee has paid from every point of view. It has forced the bee-
keeper, far away from the office and no possibility of having anyone
check up his grading, to pack honest weight, and honest grade; it has
made the jobber feel that he can unreservedly have his salesmen push
Lone Star Honey to his trade ; it has permitted the retailer to have a
steady supply of the very best honey, and confidence enough in it to
recommend it to his best customers.

"Lone Star Honey" is never sold direct to the consumer nor even
to the retail trade. "The laborer is worthy of his hire," and our great
group of loyal wholesale grocer friends, scattered over a half dozen
states, are worthy of being protected in the sale of our product. If an
order comes to us direct from a retailer we write him a courteous letter
asking what jobber he desires the honey billed through. The wholesale
people are human as you and I, and they appreciate loyalty and co-
operation on our part. (Perhaps they appreciate it the more because
it has seemed to be a trait foreign to beekeepers in the past) .

No product will sell itself. Advertising is only another name
for salesmanship. To make "Lone Star Honey" a staple article of
groceries on the retailer's shelf for an area 1,000 miles long by 600
miles wide we have had to advertise. The first was an attractive show
card packed in each case, which a grocer can display in his window or
store. This card carries the label full size in color. Second, recipe

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 135

books distributed by first class mail with a courteous letter direct to
doctors, nurses, associations, hospitals, domestic science teachers, county
agents, girls' canning clubs, housewives' leagues, boarding houses, in-
stitutions, hotels, etc., as well as by distribution through the retailer
himself.

It semed slow at first, but it grew like a snow-ball. The railroad
people notice us now and co-operate with us in reducing the danger of
loss in transit and the filing of endless claims ; the newspapers of the
state have been prodigal of space and praise, many full page Sunday
stories having appeared concerning our activities and achievements.
The result has been that Texas is no longer an exporter of honey, but
we must actually import many cars every year to take care of our de-
mand and keep us a constant supply.

Unlike most associations of producers we have no contracts with
our members. Each member is free" to sell his honey wherever and to
whomever he can. He is urged and encouraged to do so, the only stipu-
lation being that he is on his honor not to sell to consumer, retailer, or
jobber at a less price than the published price list of the association.
We urge every member to develop as far as he can his local market and
we aid him in doing so. (The association label is only used on honey
shipped through the association itself). Many members enjoy a large
trade under their own labels and draw their chief benefit of membership
from the fact that their price is protected by the association price. It
is honey consumption we want. Every pound that goes onto the table
or into the kitchen is another step toward our goal of making Texas,
which raises more honey than any other state, also consume more.

("Beeeause" Magazine.)

136 TWENTY-SECOXD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

THE AMERICAN HONEY PRODUCERS' LEAGUE.

(S. B. Fracker, Secretary, Madison, Wis.)

A letter received from a western state a few days ago, speaking of
the American Honey Producers' League, said, "I believe there should be
more definite information sent out to us so that we may know more
about our relations with the League as members. Professor Wilson
wrote and asked me to write an article stating what the American
Honey Producers' League had done. If he will write the article and
swear to it before a notary, I will sign it."

One of the biggest difficulties faced by the new officers of the
League, who were only elected a few months ago, has been the fact that
the members of this national organization knew very little about what
was being done. A recent manager of a well-known advertising ex-
change in the United States said, "The beekeepers are so busy talking
to each other that they have no time to talk to the public." Meaning
that that was the principal reason for the continued weakness of the
honey market. The American Honey Producers' League has perhaps
gone to the opposite extreme and has talked to the public exclusively,
neglecting its members to such an extent that by last summer support
had become greatly reduced.

This was in no way due to failure on the part of the League to
make progress along the lines for which it was established. In fact, as
I have gone over the accomplishments of the League since its establish-
ments I have been surprised at the amount which has been done in such
a short time. On January 6, 1930, a little group of twenty-four met at
Kansas City, adopted a constitution and agreed to try to make the new
organization one of national importance. The executive committee
elected at that time met again in December but the first general meet-
ing of the organization was not held until less than two years ago on
February 15, 1921, at Indianapolis. During 1921 the League de-
veloped from that little group of twenty-four to an organization of al-
most 2,500 members. During that year it handled over eight thousand
dollars in cash, about half of that being in the general fund and the
remainder in an advertising fund, secured largely from dealers in
honey and bee supplies.

This rapid development was apparently somewhat too fast, for some
of the affiliated organizations have been unable to continue membership
on account of the high cost. Certain adjustments are being made this
year which it is hoped will reduce the former difficulties and put the
League on a permanent foundation rather than one which depends on
the temporary enthusiasm of a "boom."

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEBPERS' ASSOCIATIOlSr. 137

Id. organization the League differs from former national associa-
tions in being built up exclusively of other societies and having no in-
dividual membership of its own. A source of extensive correspondence
from the secretary's office this fall has consisted of explaining to bee-
keepers in Pennsylvania, Florida, Georgia, Missouri, West Virginia,
California and other states the necessity of their joining affiliated or-
ganizations before they could become members of the League, except at
the commercial rate of $10 per year. It is believed that the experience
of the National Beekeepers' Association, with a rapidly changing mem-
bership shows that the United States is too large a tract of country to
make practicable an organization of individual beekeepers, scattered
from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

There are now seventeen organizations affiliated with the League
and the monthly mailing list of the League bulletin includes about
eighteen hundred names. It is, in truth, a national organization for it
is represented on the Pacific Coast by state associations of Oregon and
Washington, in the Eocky Mountains by Montana and Colorado, in the
Mississippi Valley by nearly all the strong state beekeepers' associa-
tions and in the east by the Empire State Beekeepers' Federation in-
corporated, which is a group of the various local beekeepers' associa-
tionsi of the state of New York. The objects of the League asi stated in
the constitution are remarkably inclusive but the work itself has been
confined largely to certain specific lines to which a national federation
is especially adapted. According to its founders, the purpose of the
League is "to foster and promote better methods and systems of market-
ing; broader education in apiculture and research along the lines of in-
terest to beekeepers; to provide legal aid to beekeepers and affiliated or-
ganizations ; and to assist in the passage of reasonable and proper legis-
lation ; to assist in the standardization of bee equipment, containers and
grading of honey; and to provide boards and committees of arbitration
to settle or decide disputes involving affiliated organizations and mem-
bers or subscribers."

As shown by its activities up to the present the primary value of
the League has come from its work in increasing the demand for and
sale of honey, the arbitration of business disputes and influence on legis-
lation.

Last fall the League expended over five thousand dollars in adver-
tising, most of that being used for space in the "Good Housekeeping
Magazine." As a result of the direct requests which came from readers
of the magazine who read the advertisement over eighteen thousand-
copies of honey recipe booklets were mailed out to individual consum-
ers, mostly in the United States but some of them in other countries.
Bequests came in from practically every country in the world, including
all those of Exirope, several in Africa and Asia, as well as South
America, Australia and the Hawaiian Islands. Several thousand addi-
tional booklets have been sold to beekeepers for distribution in their own
localities, some of which had printed on them the name of the beekeeper
distributing the booklet, others bearing the name of the League.

Another very important work for which the League is alone respon-
sible was its influence with Congress which resulted in the increase in

138 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the tariff on honey from less than one cent a pound to three cents a
pound. As the beekeepers of the West Indies can afford to ship honey
to the United States when they receive only two cents a pound at the
point of shipment, this increase in the tariff is just large enough to divert
practically all of the dark honey of the West Indies to Europe, making
a place for the American product with our own manufacturers. When
we realize how small an amount has to be imported at low a price to
result in depressing the market in this country, we realize what an im-
portant factor this may be in the future honey market.

One of the least advertised activities of the secretary's office has
been that of arbitrating possible disputes. The nature of this work is
such that it has not been proper to publish the details. One hundred
and fifty cases were submitted to the secretary last year in which the
buyer and seller of bee supplies or bee products were unable to agree
on the price to be paid or the time it was to be paid, or adjustments for
loss in transit, and similar matters. Practically all of these have
resulted satisfactorily to both parties and an immense amount of time,
energy and disagreeable and expensive litigation has been saved. A case
in which the League is assisting state officers in making an adjustment
at the present time consists of that of a beekeeper who made a shipment
of $430 worth of honey to another state and then received a check in
payment which was returned marked "no funds." Arrangements in
this case have been completed whereby the beekeeper will secure payment
in full. i

As cities become more congested there are increasing numbers of
people who object to the idea of bees within the city limits. Half a
dozen places of considerable size have had ordinances introduced pro-
hibiting keeping of bees in town within the last two years. The legisla-
tive committee has in every case, we believe without exception, presented
such strong evidence against the constitutionality of ordinances of this
type that the attempt has been abandoned.

State organizations in previous years have held conventions at such
irregular times that it was impossible for prominent members of the
trade and of the United States Department of Agriculture to attend
more than a few of them, due to repeated conflicts and the necessity
for long trips to address one meeting. Under the present arrangement
the schedule committee of the League is securing the cooperation of more
and more state and district associations so^ that the beekeepers of the
United States are getting in touch with the leaders of thought and
action in honey production to a greater extent than they have ever
done before. !

One of the troubles which beekeepers in all parts of the United
States have in common is that of depredations and molestation of out-
yards while the owner is away. Sometimes entire colonies of bees are
stolen but more often the supers of honey are removed after the honey
flow is over. It has been difficult to put a stop to this but the League is
distributing warning posters at twenty-five cents apiece which are being
placed in apiaries in many parts of the country. The funds being

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 139

accumulated in this way are being laid up to provide a reward for the
arrest and conviction of the people who molest bee yards.

The most recent undertaking of the League is the publication of
the monthly bulletin, in which the activities of the organization are
explained to the affiliated members throughout the United States. This
is mailed without additional charge to all supporters of the League,
whether they are patrons giving $100 a year and more or individual
members of affiliated organizations at the $1 rate.

The individual beekeeper then can see the results of his $1 investment
in five or six important particulars.

First. — The free subscription to the monthly League bulletin.

Second. — The right to use warning posters offering a reward for
the arrest of people molesting the apiary.

Third. — The opportunity to buy honey recipe booklets from the
League at a discount.

Fourth. — In the future, as soon as the hopey label is fixed, as it
probably will be at the St. Louis meeting of the League, the members
will- have the right to use this label and will also have the right to use
honey advertisements prepared by advertising experts, the beekeeper
placing these advertisements in his local paper in connection with his
own name.

We may therefore summarize the work of the organization as
follows : It has distributed about twenty thousand honey recipe booklets
in various parts of the United States, has advertised honey in national
publications, has assisted state organizations in arranging their schedule
so that speakers of national prominence could visit them in rotation,
has been responsible for an increase in the tariff on honey from less than
one cent a pound to more than three cents, has arbitrated over one hun-
dred and fifty business disputes, has been instrumental in preventing
the enactment of objectionable ordinances in half a dozen cities and is
now distributing warning posters to assist beekeepers in preventing losses
from theft, is cooperating with the federal department of agriculture
in fixing standards and grades for honey, is keeping the beekeepers in
touch with each other and with national apicultufal interests through
the publication of a monthly bulletin and is organizing a new advertis-
ing campaign which is to be placed on a permanent basis.

140 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

MARKETING HONEY.

(Bij E. R. Root.)

It is one thing to produce a crop, and another thing to sell it.
Any one can produce a small crop by old-fashioned methods, but not
everyone can produce a maximum crop under conditions that may not
always be favorable. Similarly, any one can sell his crop at a price
provided he is willing to sell below the market. But not every one
can get a fair or good price for the honey he produces.

Practically all the teachings of the bee journals and of the various
experiment stations have been devoted to the production end of our
industry. Very little has been said, comparatively, about the other
end — that of selling at good prices. It is because of this that my
organization has felt that I should give the beekeepers in the country
the benefit of our experience in selling. We may not be the largest
buyers of honey in the United States, but I think I am safe in saying
that we have been the largest individual distributors to jobbers and
wholesalers and retailers of honey, and for that reason I believe we are
in position to offer some helpful advice.

Were it not for the partial tie-up in transportation and other in-
dustrial strikes just now, honey would be selling at a good rate today,
and at fair prices. But our present transportation difficulties have put
the average buyer of honey, if he has to secure it from a distance,
where he can not get it. The result is that the large honey-bottling
establishments have been practically shut down. That these industrial
strifes affect other lines of industry is shown by the fact that carloads
and carloads of fruit are hanging on the trees and lying on the ground
rotting in California. Other food products are being held back in the
same way; and it is no wonder that there is a temporary slowing down
in the sale of honey. Fortunately for the beekeeping industry a large
part of the 1922 product will be sold locally along the roadsides and
at groceries in reach of the beekeepers automobile trucks. It is only
the man who produces honey by the carload, or at least in large quan-
tities, who is suffering from these temporary tie-ups. But, as every
sensible man knows, this temporary tie-up can not last indefinitely.

Among the things that may be mentioned to encourage the bee-
keeper at the present time are the following :

A higher tariff, both on sugar and honey. The effect of the pro-
posed tariff of 23/10 cents on sugar, will, if enacted into law, help the
beekeeper who produces large quantities of dark and amber honey.
When these medium grades of honey can be bought for less than sugar
syrup after it has been inverted, the baker will use large quantities of

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPBES^ ASSOCIATION. 141

honey. Within the last year or two it has been cheaper for him to use
invert sugar than honey; but at the same or less price he will use our
product. A higher tax on sugar will also help prices on table and ex-
tracted honey, for the reason that the housewife who, buying sugar
because it was so cheap, will now consider honey that goes further and
has a flavor all its own.

Of course the proposed higher tariff on honey makes it easier for
the American honey-producer to compete with the West India product.
In fact, it may give him the possession of the field so he will be sure
to maintain the same prices that his honey brings at the groceries. This
likewise can not be emphasized too stjongly.

In fact, it may give him the-'possession of the field so he will have only
domestic competition.

Another factor that is vejj encouraging is that all of the 1919,
1930 and 1931 honey left over in the West was practically used up by
the beginning of this year. A year ago there was considerable western
honey that was competing against the eastern crop. At the present time
the /Western product is having the handicap of transportation difficulties.
But that same handicap applies to eastern producers who have large
quantities of honey that they cannot dispose of locally.

A third condition that is helping out the price situation to a re-
markable extent in this country is the roadside and local selling of
honey. Three or four years ago the average honey-producer used to
believe that, when he did not sell to his immediate neighbors, he would
have to dispose of it thru the city commission house, broker, and jobber,
the latter paying such prices as they might see fit to give. But now
that same producer has learned that he can dispose of a large part of
his crop, if not all of it, within a radius that he can reach with his
automobile truck. The roadside selling of honey has come to be so
general that thousands of beekeepers once selling at jobbing or carload
rates are now selling at retail. While that means an added cost, they
are getting approximately 100 per cent more for their honey. But this
is not all. Eoadside and local selling have to a considerable extent
prevented a glut in the big markets, and in some cases, at least, the
buyer has had to do a little bidding to get his honey. But it should be
made very plain that that condition, owing to the present tie-up in
transportation, does not exist today, for the reason Mr. Jobber and Mr.
Wholesaler can not get the honey from a distance, even if they are
disposed to buy it.

The small beekeeper of 10 to 35 colonies usually has no difficulty
whatever in selling his entire crop, and certainly not if he has only
four or five colonies. But if he owns and operates from 100 to 300 be
will be compelled to seek the assistance of the local grocers in his
vicinity. And even then he may have the handicap of smaller pro-
ducers, who, not knowing the priced, will sell to the grocery trade at
very low figures. Where there are beekeepers of this sort it would be
advisable to buy up their crop at wholesale rates and then sell to the
grocer at a fair price that can be maintained year in and year out and

142 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

still leave a fair profit to the man who has considerable invested in the
business.

It can not be emphasized too strongly that the beekeeper should
subscribe for one or more bee journals. In these he will be able to get
information in regard to the market, the prices at which honey is selling
in a large way, in carlots or lots of 10,000 to 20,000 pounds. He should
then sell his honey in a retail way at from 100 to 150 per cent above
the carload rate. A single pound bottle of honey can not be sold at
less than 150 per cent above the carload rate and leave any margin to
the beekeeper who puts up his honey in that form. Honey in pails of
five or ten pounds should be sold for from 75 to 100 per cent above the
carload price. As a general thing, honey in five-pound pails should be
sold for not less than $1.25, pails included, in ten-pound pails not less
than $2.00. Of course, when the beekeeper sells to the grocer he must
allow the latter 20 to 25 per cent off for the selling or else he will not
touch it. Then when he sells at retail from his residence or along the
roadside he must be sure to maintain the same prices that his honey
brings at the groceries. This likewise can not be emphasized too
strongly.

Some beekeepers located out in the country and along the auto-
mobile highways are able to sell from 5,000 to 25,000 pounds of honey
in a single season. Honey sold in this way should be put up in tin or
glass, using attractive labels. It should then be placed on sale in an
attractive booth near a main automobile highway where it- can be seen.
Honey in glass should be of the best quality, and have been heated to a
temperature not exceeding 150 degrees Fahrenheit, and sealed up im-
mediately while hot to prevent granulation. Honey in tin may be put
up without heating. But there should be an explanation the label
showing that this honey may granulate, and, if so, it may be brought
back to a liquid condition by immersing the pail in water not hotter
than 150 degrees Fahrenheit for a short time.

To boost the sale of roadside selling, it is very helpful to have a
series of neatly printed signs distributed up and down the road for a
mile or two on each side of the honey-booth, carrying the word "Honey."
Along with the honey-booth there should be a few hives of bees to help
attract attention, and to assure the prospective buyers they are getting
their honey direct from the producer himself.

The grocers in the surrounding towns should likewise be supplied
with both comb and extracted honey, and to help boost the sales it is
sometimes advisable to give a live-bee demonstration in the grocer's
window some Saturday afternoon. It is always helpful to use a one-
frame glass or observatory hive where possible customers on the street
can see the live bees, along with a neat display of honey. The local
producer should do everything he can to help the grocer sell his product,
and to that end it would be advisable to insert a little story in the local
papers about the honey and his beeyard located on such and such a
road. This should be followed up with some advertising telling what
stores are handling the honey.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION". 143

Considerable can be done in selling honey by parcel post. The
containers should be well sealed if the honey is liquid, and carefully
packed to prevent breakage. Honey in tin pails that has granulated
solid can easily be sold in this way. Honey can not be disposed of thru
the mails unless some advertising has been put out in the papers.

A great deal can be done by having a honey-booth at local fairs,
and near by, at certain hours of the day, live-bee demonstrations inside
of a wire cage. Appropriate advertising cards should be distributed
telling at what groceries the honey can be had after the fair closes.

144 TWENTY-SECOXD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

GRADING HONEY.

Inasmuch as Illinois has not adopted a standard set of rules for
grading honey, we recommend to our members, using either the Colo-
rado grading rules or the Wisconsin grading rules.

Too much Illinois honey is going on the market ungraded, leaving
a bad impression not only on the consuming public, but also on the re-
tailer and the beekeeper who desires e?:tra amounts of honey to fill in
and supply his trade.

We give the Wisconsin grading standards as follows:

Standaud Grades for Wisconsin Comb Honey.
Wisconsin Fancy.

Honey of this grade shall consist of (a) good quality comb honey
in the different (b) colors known by the terms: Water White, White,
Light Amber, Amber and Dark: in which the sections are (c) well
filled and (d) well cleaned and the combs (e) firmly attached, (f) not
projecting beyond the wood, (g) uniformly colored throughout, (h)
evenly capped and entirely sealed except the cells in the outside row
next to the wood which may be unsealed. No section of honey in this
grade shall weigh less than thirteen and one-half (I3I/2) ounces gross
or twelve and one-half (12^) ounces net.

Honey of this grade shall be in the new best grade sections, weigh-
ing not more than one ounce and be packed in new cases. Each sec-
tion and case shall be stamped or labeled "Wisconsin Fancy" and the
stamp or label shall state the color and packer's number.

The front sections in each case shall be a true representation of the
contents of the case.

Wisconsin No. 1.

Honey of this grade shall consist of (a) good quality comb honey
in the different (b) colors known by the terms: Water White, White,
Light Amber, Amber" and Dark in which the sections are (c) well filled,
(d) well cleaned and the combs (e) firmly attached, (f) not projecting
beyond the wood and entirely sealed except that not more than six cells
on each side, in addition to those of the outer row next to the wood,
may be unsealed. Slight travel stain and slight irregularities in the
surface are allowed in this grade and not to exceed ten cells on each
side may contain honey of a different color. No section of honey in
this grade shall weigh less than twelve (12) ounces gross or eleven (11)
ounces net.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES'' ASSOCIATION. 145

Honey of this grade shall be in new best grade sections weighing
not more than one ounce and be packed in clean cases. Each section
and case shall be stamped or labeled "Wisconsin No. 1" and the stamp
or label shall state the color and packer's number.

Wisconsin No. 2.

Honey of this grade shall consist of (a) good quality comb honey
in the different (b) colors known by the terms: Water White, White,
Light Amber, Amber and Dark, in which the combs are (f) not pro-
jected beyond the wood, are attached to the sides not less than two-
thirds of the way around, and are entirely sealed except that not more
than a total of sixty cells in addition to those of the outside row next
to the wood may be unsealed. Where twenty per cent (20%) or more
of the cells contain honey of a darker color than the remainder, the
sections shall be marked with the darker color. Honey in badly
stained and propolized sections is not permitted in this grade. No
section of honey in this grade shall weigh less than eleven (^11) ounces
gross or ten (10) ounces net.

Honey of this grade shall be in sections weighing not more than
one ounce and be packed in clean cases. Each section and case shall
.be stamped or labeled 'Wisconsin No. 2" and the stamp or label shall
state the color and packer's number.

The front section in each case shall be a true representation of the
contents of the case.

Marking of Ungraded Comb Honey.

Each section and case of comb honey, which is not intended to be
marketed as "Wisconsin Fancy," "Wisconsin No. 1," or "Wisconsin No.
2" shall be stamped, labeled or marked "Ungraded."

Extracted Honey.
Wisconsin No. 1.

Honey of this grade shall consist of (a) good quality extracted
honey in the different (b) colors known by the terms: Water White,
White, Amber, Light Amber, and Dark. The honey shall be well
ripened, (i) well strained, and shall weigh not less than twelve (12) '
pounds per gallon at sixty (60) degrees Fahrenheit.

Honey of this grade shall be in new containers. Each container
shall be stamped or labeled "Wisconsin No. 1 Extracted Honey" and the
stamp or label shall state color, net weight and packer's number.

]\IaRKING of tlNGRADED EXTRACTED HoNEY.

Each container of extracted honey, which is not intended to be
marketed as 'Wisconsin No. 1 Extracted Honey," shall be stamped,
labeled or marked "Ungraded.'"

—10 B A

>>

-v

146 twenty-second annual report of the

Meaning of Teeims.

The following terms, wherever used in these standards or regula-
tions, shall have the meaning as indicated:

(a) "Good quality'' comb honey means honey which is commer-
cially salable, not containing pollen or honeydew, not extensively granu-
lated, poorly ripened, sour or weeping, and not in leaking, injured or
patched up sections.

"Good quality" extracted honey means honey which is not sour
and has not been contaminated by honeydew, excessive use of smoke,
dirt or foreign materials of any kind.

(b) "Colctr" — The color standards of the Eoot Honey Grader shall
be deemed official for determining color of comb or extracted honey.
The five official colors are : Water White, White, Light Amber, Amber
and dark.

(c) "Well filled" means that eighty per cent (80%) of the area
within the section shall be occupied by sealed cells,

(d) "Well cleaned" means free from propolis or other stain.

(e) "Firmly attached" means that the comb shall be attached to
wood sections at least eighty-five per cent (85%) the way around.

(f ) "Not projecting" means that no part of the comb shall pro-
ject beyond the outer edge of the section.

(g) "Uniformly colored" means that all the cells contained in
any section shall be of the same color.

(h) "Evenly capped" means that combs shall be free from pro-
nounced irregularities in the surface.

(i) "Well strained" means honey which after being strained
through two thicknesses of cheese cloth does not contain particles of
wax or other foreign materials.

DISCUSSION OF THE GRADES.

There are three distinct grades of comb honey. All honey that is
not intended to be marketed as one of the three comb honey grades or
the one extracted honey grade must be marketed as "ungraded." Every
pound of honey produced can be marketed, for any stock that is not
good enough to class in one of the regular grades can be sold as "Un-
graded." It must not be believd, however, that ungraded honey is
always poor honey for some producers do not care to grade their honey
and so sell it all as "Ungraded." Thus a buyer of "Ungraded" honey
is taking chances as he is liable to get all good honey, all poor honey
or a mixture of good and poor honey.

Comb Honey. — The grading of comb honey into three different
grades is done from the standpoint of a number of quality standards,
some of which are: Filling of the sections, cleanliness of the sections,
attachment of combs to sections, uniform coloring of the comb, evenness
of capping, the amount of cells sealed, and finally the weight of the
sections. If the honey does not meet the specifications of one grade
because of some one defect or a combination of defects, it can be tested
by the standards provided in the next lower grade. For example — a

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 147

section of honey may meftt all the requirements of the "Wisconsin
Fancy ^' grade except five cells on each side of the section (in addition
to those of the outer row next to the wood) are unsealed. Inasmuch
as "Wisconsin No. 1" permits six unsealed cells on each side this honey
would then .grade as "Wisconsin No. 1." Honey showing defects not
permitted in "Wisconsin Ko. V may be sold as "Wisconsin No. 2" pro-
vided such defects are not of such nature or extent as are barred from
that grade. Honey not meeting requirements of "Wisconsin No. 2"
can only be marked and sold as "Ungraded."

Requirements for sections and cases are somewhat different in the
various grades. In the "Wisconsin Fancy" new best grade sections
that do not weigh more than one ounce are required and only new
cases can be used. If honey, no matter how well it might meet the
"Wisconsin Fancy" quality requirements, be put out in old dirty sec-
tions and cases, it cannot be marked and sold as "Wisconsin Fancy."
In the "Wisconsin No. 1" grade the new best grade sections must be
used but second-hand cases can. .be used if they are clean. In the
"Wisconsin . No. 3" grade second-hand or inferior sections can be used
and old cases can Jbe used provided they are clean. In all grades the
front sections in the case must be a true representation of the contents
of the case. This means that honey that grades "Wisconsin Fancy" can
not be put in the front of a case and the rest of the case filled up with
"Wisconsin No. 1" or 'Wisconsin No. 2" honey.

Extracted Honey. — Only one grade of extracted honey is provided.
The requirements of "Wisconsin No. 1" extracted honey are that it
shall be well ripened and so well strained that it does not contain
particles of wax or other foreign materials. An important requirement
is that the honey shall weigh at least twelve (12) pounds per gallon at
sixty (60) degrees Fahrenheit. Packages of honey containing both
comb and extracted honey should be marked according to the regula-
tions for extracted honey.

Color Eequirements. — There are five standard colors recognized in
the grades for both comb and extracted honey, namely water white,
white, light amber, amber and dark. No color designation other than
one of these five can be used. The packer of the honey must determine
the color. If there is any question between two colors the honey should
be marked as of the darker color oi the two. It is permissible to mark
• the honey a darker color than it really is, but not to mark it a lighter
color than the honey actually shows. Color statements should not be
confused with flavors. No flavor statement is required but the packer
of the honey can state the flavor of the honey if he so desires. It should
not be included, however, in the official grade and color statement re-
quired by the grade rules.

148 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

ILLINOIS AS A BEEKEEPING STATE AND ITS PROSPECTS.

(By M. G. Dadant.J

Formerly Illinois ranked as one of the principal states in honey
production in the United States. It has dropped from second place as
a honey producer to seventh or eighth. This change of condition has
probably been due to two things. In the first place other states in
the West of larger area and also with, more favorable climate and soil
have developed wonderfully as bee states so as to outrank our own home
state, Illinois.

In the second place we have been hampered for many years in
Illinois with foulbrood which has reduced the number of pounds per
colony which might be produced from our bees.

Illinois has always been a state of extremes in honey production
due largely to climate and soil.

By this I mean that we have had exceedingly large crops at times
followed usually by failures or partial failures. This is noticeable most
especially in central and southern Illinois.

Years in which the spring and summer have been cool and rainy
with sufficient sunshine to allow the bees to work the flowers are usually
the best. These have been followed by years of extreme drought which
has killed out the clover plants.

An absence of lime in the soil in most localities has aided in this.
Government Bulletin No. 1215 entitled, "The Clover Eegions,'^
shows that the best clover producing regions in the United States are
in those sections which were in former times covered by the Wisconsin
glacial moraines. This glacier covered practically the whole of Canada
and extended down into the Northern States of the United States.
Only a few small sections of Illinois were covered,

jSTaturally these favored sections are rich in limestone deposits
whereas the balance of the State is lacking in lime in its surface soil.
Strangely enough with an acid soil on top many regions are under-
laid with large limestone beds which, if they could be made available,
would change an acid to a sweet soil.

Our problem and its solution in Illinois i^ evidently the application
of lime to our soils such as being recommended by the State Agricul-
tural Experiment Stations and by County Farm Bureaus in all sections.
Fortunately this has been adopted to a large extent and we find
many counties now raising sweet clover as well as white clover and
alsike after having first limed the soil.

This rapid change in farm methods augurs well for the future of
beekeeping in Illinois. When we arrive at a point where sweet clover

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 149

is considered as a rotation crop by the average farmer we will have ar-
rived at a time when honey production will be rapidly on the increase
in this State. That this time is not far off is evidenced by the rapid
growth of beekeeping in some counties. We cite for instance the rapid
development in Will County, Illinois, where Mr. Edward A. Winkler
has been instrumental in scattering the teachings of soil liming and
sweet clover sowing.

Many southern Illinois counties ordinarily considered as very poor
for farming have been transformed by the liming of the soil and the sow-
ing generally of sweet clover.

Our wintering problem is not a severe one although bees need pro-
tection in all parts.

However we have to look squarely at the problem of foulbrood
eradication and after this at the problem of adaptation of our farming
to the soil and climate by artificial fertilizers, etc.

All in all it looks as if Illinois had passed through some of its
worst years in beekeeping and that the future was bright ahead. Surely
the rapid development of sweet clover sowing by the average farmer is
having its effect.

Although our rainfall and climate cannot guarantee for us a posi-
tion as one of the best honey producing states yet artificial development
of the honey plants through their sowing as general farm crops should
have its effect within the next decade or two.

150 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

FORMATION OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS*

ASSOCL\TION.

Spbingfield, III., February 26, 1891.

The Capitol Beekeepers' Association was called to order by President
P. J. England.

Previous notice having been given that an effort would be made to form
a State association, and there being present beekeepers from different parts
of the State, by motion, a recess was taken in order to form such an asso-
ciation.

P. J. England was chosen temporary chairman and C. E. Yocum tem-
porary secretary. On motion, the Chair appointed Thos. G. Newman, C. P.
Dadant and Hon. J. M. Hambaugh a Committee on Constitution.

Col. Chas. F. Mills addressed the meeting on the needs of a State asso-
ciation and stated that it was his opinion that the beekeepers should have
a liberal appropriation for a State Apiarian Exhibit at the World's Colum-
bian Exposition.

A motion to adjourn till 1:30 p. m. prevailed.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The Committee on Constitution reported a form for same which, on
motion, was read by the Secretary, by sections serially.

Geo. F. Robbing moved to substitute the word "shall" for "may" in the
last clause of Section 1, Article III. This led to a very animated discussion,
and the motion was lost.

J. A. Stone moved to amend the above-named section by striking out the
word "ladies" and all that followed of the same section, which motion led to
further discussion, and motion finally prevailed.

Section 2, Article II, relating to a quorum, was, on motion, entirely
stricken out.

Mr. Robbins moved to amend Article V by adding the words "Thirty
days' notice having been given to each member." Prevailed.

Thos. G. Newman moved to adopt the Constitution, so amended, as a
whole. Which motion prevailed.

(See Constitution).

J. A. Stone moved that the Chair appoint a Nominating Committee of
three on permanent organization: Prevailed.

Chair appointed as such committee, Col. Chas. F. Mills, Hon. J. M.
Hambaugh, and C. P. Dadant.

Committee retired and in a few minutes returned, submitting the fol-
lowing named persons as candidates for their respective offices:

For President — P. J. England, Fancy Prairje.

For Vice Presidents — Mrs. L#. Harrison, Peoria; C. P. Dadant, Hamilton;
W. T. F. Petty, Pittsfleld; Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Spring; Dr. C. C. Miller,
Marengo.

Secretary — Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton.

Treasurer — A. N. Draper, Upper Alton.

Mr. Black moved the adoption of the report of the Committee on Nom-
inations. The motion prevailed, and the officers as named by the committee
v/ere declared elected for the ensuing year.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 151

Hon. J. M. Hambaugh moved that Mr. Thos. G. Newman, Editor Ameri-
can Bee Journal, of Chicago, be made the first honorary member of the
association. Prevailed.

At this point, Col. Chas. P. Mills said:

Mr. Chairman, I want to be the first one to pay my dollar for member-
ship," at the same time suiting his action to his words, and others followed
his example, as follows:

CHARTER MEMBERS.

Col. Chas F. Mills, Springfield. Geo. F. Robbins, Mechanicsburg.

Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Spring. J. W. Yocum, Williamsville.

Hon. J. S. Lyman, Farmingdale. Thos. S. Wallace, Clayton.

C. P. Dadant, Hamilton. A. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

Chas. Dadant, Hamilton. P. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

A. N. Draper, Upper Alton. C. E. Yocum, Sherman.

S. N. Black, Clayton. Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton.
Aaron Coppin, Wenona.

FIRST HONORARY MEMBER.
Thos. G. Newman, Editor American Bee Journal, Chicago.

152 TWENTY-SECOND AJfNUAL REPORT OF THE

STATE OF ILUNOIS— DEPARTMENT OF STATE.

Isaac N. Peaeson, Secretary of State.

To all to whom these Presents shall cOTtie — Greeting:

Whereas, A certificate duly signed and acknowledged having been filed
in the oflace of the Secretary of State on the 27th day of February, A. D.
1891, for the organization of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association,
under and in accordance with the provisions of "An Act Concerning Corpo-
rations," approved April 18, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872, and all acts
amendatory thereof, a copy of which certificate is hereunto attached.

Now, Therefore, I, Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State, of the State of
Illinois, by virtue of the powers and duties vested in me by law, do hereby
certify that the said. The Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, is a legally
organized corporation under the laws of the State.

In Testimony Whereof, I hereunto set my hand and cause to be affixed
the great seal of State.

Done at the city of Springfield, this 27th day of February, in the year
of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, and
the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
fifteenth.

[Seal] I. N. Pearson, Secretary of State.

State of Illinois, |
County of Sangamon, f
To Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State:

We, the undersigned. Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone and Albert N.
Draper, citizens of the United States, propose to form a corporation under
an act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, entitled, "An Act
Concerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, and all acts amendatory
thereof; and for the purposes of such organizations, we hereby state as fol-
lows, to-wit:

1. The name of such corporation is, The Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association.

2. The object for which it is formed is to promote the general interests
of the pursuit of bee-culture.

3. The management of the uforesaid Association shall be vested in a
board of three Directors, who are to be elected annually.

4. The following persons are hereby selected as the Directors, to con-
trol and manage said corporation for the first year of its corporate existence,
viz: Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone, and Albert N. Draper.

5. The location is in Springfield, in the (punty of Sangamon, State of
Illinois.

(Signed) Perky J. England,
Jas. a. Stone,
Albert N. Draper,

Sangamon County. )
State of Illinois, \ ^'

I, S. Mendenhall, a notary public in and for the county and State afore-
said, do hereby certify that on this 26th day of February, A. D. 1891, per-

.6 .■ . .

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 153

sonally appeared before me, Perry J. England, James A. Stone and Albert
N. Draper, to me personally known to be the same persons who executed the
foregoing certificate, and severally acknowledged that they had executed the
same for the purposes therein set forth.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal the day and
year above written.

[Seal] S. Mendenhaxl, 'Notary Public.

154 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL KEPORT OP THE

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

Constitution.

Adopted Feb. 26, 1891.

ARTICLE I.— Name.

This organization shall be known as The Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association, and its principal place of business shall be at Springfield, 111.

ARTICLE II.— Object.

Its object shall be to promote the general interests of the pursuit of
bee-culture.

ARTICLE III.— Membership.

Section 1. Any person interested in apiculture may become a member
upon the payment to the Secretary of an annual fee of one dollar and fifty
cents ($1.50). (Amendment adopted at annual meeting, December, 1919):
And any aflBliating association, as a body, may become members on the pay-
ment of an aggregate fee of fifty cents (50c) per member, as amended No-
vember, 1910.

Sec. 2. Any person may become honorary member by receiving a
majority vote at any regular meeting.

ARTICLE IV. — Officebs.

Section 1. The oflicers of this association shall be, President' Vice
President, Secretary and Treasurer. Their terms of office shall be for one
year, or until their successors are elected and qualified.

Sec. 2. The President, Secretary and Treasurer shall constitute the
Executive Committee.

Sec. 3. Vacancies in office — by death, resignation and otherwise — shall
be filled by the Executive Committee until the next annual meeting.

ARTICLE V. — Amendments.

This Constitution shall be amended at any annual meeting by a two-
thirds vote of all the members present — thirty days' notice having been
given to each member of the association.

By-Laws. .

ARTICLE I.

The officers of the association shall be elected by ballot and by a ma-
jority vote.

ARTICLE II.

It shall be the duty of the President to call and preserve order at all
meetings of this association; to call for all reports of officers and commit-
tees; to put to vote all motions regularly seconded; to count the vote at all
elections, and declare the results; to decide upon all questions of order,
and to deliver an address at each annual meeting.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 155

ARTICLE III.

The Vice Presidents shall be numbered, respectively, First, Second,
Third, Fourth and Fifth, and it shall be the duty of one of them, in his re-
spective order, to preside in the absence of the President.

ARTICLE IV.

Section 1. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to report all proceed-
ings of the association, and to record the same, when approved, in the
Secretary's book; to conduct all correspondence of the association, and to
file and preserve all papers belonging to the 'same; to receive the annual
dues and pay them over to the Treasurer, taking his receipt for the same; to
take and record the name and. address of every member of the association;
to cause the Constitution and By-laws to be printed in appropriate form and
in such quantities as may be directed by the Executive Committee from time
to time, and see that each member is provided with a copy thereof; to make
out and publish annually, as far as practicable, statistical table showing the
number of colonies owned in the spring and fall, and the amount of honey
and wax produced by each member, together with such other information
as may be deemed important, or be directed by the Executive Committee;
and 'to give notice of all meetings of the association in the leading papers
of the State, and in the bee journals at least four weeks prior to the time of
such meeting.

Sec. 2. The Secretary shall be allowed a reasonable compensation for
his services, and to appoint an assistant Secretary if deemed necessary.

ARTICLE V.

It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to take charge of all funds of the
association, and to pay them out upon the order of the Executive Committee,
taking a receipt for the same; and to render a report of all receipts and
expenditures at each annual meeting.

ARTICLE VL

It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to select subjects for
discussion and appoint members to deliver addresses or read essays, and to
transact all interim business.

ARTICLE VII.

The meeting of the association shall be, as far as practicable, governed
by the following order of business:
Call to order.

Reading minutes of last meeting.
President's address.
Secretary's report.
Treasurer's report.
Reports of committees.
Unflinished business.
Reception of members and collection.
Miscellaneous business.
Election and installation of oflBeers.
Discussion.
Adjournment.

ARTICLE VIII.

These By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of all the members
present at any annual meeting.

C. E. YocoM.
Aabon Coppin.
Geo. F. Robbins.

15G TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Following is a copy of the law passed by the Illinois Legislature May
19, and signed by the Governor June 7, 1911, to take effect July 1, 1911:

STATE FOUL BROOD LAW.
State Inspector of Apiaries.

Preamble .... § 3. Annual Report.

§ 1. State Inspector of Apaines — ap-
pointment — term — assistants § 4. Penalties.
— per diem.

§ 2. Foul Brood, etc. — ^what declared ,

nuisances — inspection — notice to
owner or occupant — treatment —
abatement of nuisance — appeal.

House Bill No. 670.

(Approved June 7, 1911.)
An Act to prevent the introdxiction and spread in Illinois of foul 'brood
among bees, providing for the appointment of a State Inspector of Apiaries
and prescribing his powers and duties.

Whereas, the disease known as foul brood exists to a very considerable
extent in various portions of this State, which, if left to itself, will soon
exterminate the honey bees; and

Whereas, the work done by an individual beekeeper or by a State in-
spector is useless so long as the official is not given authority to inspect
and, if need be, to destroy the disease when found; and

Whereas, there is a great loss to the beekeep6rs and fruit growers of
the State each year by the devasting ravages of foul brood;

Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of IllinMjis, reprei
sented in the General Assembly: That the Governor shall appoint a State
Inspector of Apiaries, who shall hold his office for the term of two years,
and until his successor is appointed and qualified, and who may appoint one
or more assistants, as needed, to carry on the inspection under his super-
vision. The Inspector of Apiaries shall receive for each day actually and
necessarily spent in the performance of his duties the sum of four dollars to
be paid upon bills of particulars certified to as correct by the said State
Inspector of Apiaries, and approved by the Governor.

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of every person maintaining or keeping any
colony or colonies of bees to keep the same free from the disease known as
foul brood and from every contagious and infectious disease among bees. All
beehives, beeflxtures or appurtenances where foul brood or other contagious
or infectious diseases among bees exists, are hereby declared to be nuisances
to be abated as hereinafter prescribed. If the inspector of apiaries shall
have reason to believe that any apiary is infected by foul brood or otlier
contagious disease, he shall have power to inspect, or cause to be inspected,
from time to time, such apiary, and for the purpose of such inspection he,
or his assistants, are authorized during reasonable business hours to enter
into or upon any farm or premises, or other building or place used for the
purpose of propagating or nurturing bees. If said inspector of apiaries, or
his assistants, shall find by inspection that any person, firm or corporation

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'* ASSOCIATION. 157

is maintaining a nuisance as described in this section, he shall notify in
writing the owner or occupant of the premises containing the nuisance so
disclosed of the fact that such nuisance exists. He shall include in such
notice a statement of the conditions constituting such nuisance, and order
that the same be abated within a specified time and a direction, written or
printed, pointing out the methods which shall be taken to abate the same.
Such notice and order may be served personally or by depositing the same
in the postoffice properly stamped, addressed to the owner or occupant of
the land or premises upon which such nuisance exists, and the direction for
treatment may consist of a printed circular, bulletin or report of the In^
spector of Apiaries, or an extract from same.

If the person so notified shall refuse or fail to abate said nuisance in
the manner and in the time prescribed in said notice, the Inspector of
Apiaries may cause such nuisance to be abated, and he shall certify to the
owner or person in charge of the premises the cost of the abatement and if
not paid to him within sixty days thereafter the same may be recovered,
together with the costs of action, before any court in the State having
competent jurisdiction.

In case notice and order served as aforesaid shall direct that any bees,
hives, beefixtures or appurtenances shall be destroyed and the owner of
such ,bees, hives, beefixtures or appurtenances shall consider himself ag-
grieved by said order, he shall have the privilege of appealing within three
days of the receipt of the notice to the County Court of the county in which
such property is situated. The appeal shall be made in like manner as
appeals are taken to the County Court from judgments of justices of the
peace. Written notice of said appeal served by mail upon the Inspector of
Apiaries shall operate to stay all proceedings until the decision of the
•County Court, which may, after investigating the matter, reverse, modify or
affirm the order of the Inspector of Apiaries. Such decision shall then be-
come the order of the Inspector of Apiaries, who shaU serve the same as
hereinbefore set forth and shall fix a time within which such decision must
be carried out.

Sec. 3. The Inspector of Apiaries shall, on or before the second Mon-
day in December of each calendar year, make a report to the Governor and
also to the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, stating the number of
apiaries visited, the number of those diseased and treated, the number of
colonies of bees destroyed and the expense incurred in the performance of
his duties.

Sec. 4. Any owner of a diseased apiary or appliances taken therefrom,
who shall sell, barter or give away any such apiary, appliance, queens or
bees from such apiary, expose other bees to the danger of contracting such
disease, or refuse to allow the Inspector of Apiaries to inspect such apiary,
or appliances, shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than $100.

Approved June 7, 1911.

158 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

(Bill passed in the SOth General Assembly.)

BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

THE ORIGINAL BILL.

§ 1. Appropriates $1,000 per annum — § 3. Annual Report,
proviso.

§ 2. How drawn.

An Act making an appropriaticmi for the Illinois State Beekeepers'

Association.

Whereas, The members of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association
have for years given much time and labor without compensation in the
endeavor to promote the interests of the beekeepers of the State; and.

Whereas, The importance of the industry to the farmers and fruit-
growers of the State warrants the expenditure of a reasonable sum for the
holding of annual meetings, the publication of reports and papers contain-
ing practical information concerning beekeeping, therefore, to sustain the
same and enable this organization to defray the expenses of annual meet-
ings, publishing reports, suppressing foul brood among bees in the State,
and promote the industry in Illinois;

Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, repre-
sented in the General Assembly: That there be and is hereby appropriated
for the use of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association the sum of one
thousand dollars ($1,000) per annum for the year 1917, 1918, for the pur-
pose of advancing the growth and developing the interests of the beekeepers
of Illinois, said sum to be expended under the direction of the Illinois State
Beekeepers' Association for the purpose of paying the expenses of holding
annual meetings, publishing the proceedings of said meetings suppressing
foul brood among bees in Illinois, etc.

Provided, however. That no officer or officers of the Illinois State Bee-
keepers' Association shall be entitled to receive any money compensation
\vhatever for any services rendered for the same, out of this funa.

Sec. 2. That on the order of the President, countersigned by the Secre-
tary of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, and approved by the
Governor, the Auditor of Public Accounts shall draw his warrant on the
Treasurer of the State of Illinois in favor of the treasury of the Illinois
State Beekeepers' Association for the sum herein appropriated.

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer of the Illinois State Bee^
keepers' Association to pay out of said appropriation, on itemized and
receipted vouchers, such sums as may be authorized by vote of said organiza-
tion on the order of the President countersigned by the Secretary, and make
annual report to the Governor of all such expenditures,- as provided by law.

Itemized in the Omnibus Bill as follows:

For shorthand reporting $ 200.00

For postage and stationery 50.00

For printing 550.00

Expense of meetings 200.00

Total amount of the appropriation $1,000.00

The Assembly ruled that this is not to be paid in lump but drawn on
itemized accounts.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES^ ASSOCIATION. 159

CODE OF RULES AND STANDARDS FOR GRADING API-
ARIAN EXHIBITS AT FAIRS AS ADOPTED BY ILLINOIS
STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

COMB HONEY.

Rule 1. Comb honey shall be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Style of display 20

Quality .• 40

Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

Variety 5 Straightness of comb 5

Clearness of capping 10 Uniformity 5

Completeness of capping 5 Style of section 5

Completeness of filling 5

Remarks: 1. By variety is- meant different kinds, with regard to the
sources from which the honey is gathered, which adds much interest to an
exhibit.

2. By clearness of capping is meant freedom from travel stain and a
water soaked appearance. This point is marked a little high, because it is
a most important one. There is no better test of the quality of comb honey
than the appearance of the cappings. If honey is taken off at the proper
time, and cared for as it should be, so as to preserve its original clear color,
body and flavor will take care of themselves, for excellence in the last two
points always accompanies excellence in the first. Clover and basswood
honey should be white; heartsease, a dull white tinged with yellolv; and
Spanish needle, a bright yellow.

3. By uniformity is meant closeness of resemblance in the sections
composing the exhibit.

4. By style is meant neatness of the sections, freedom from propolis,
etc.

5. Honey so arranged as to show every section should score the highest
in style of display, and everything that may add to the tastiness and at-
tractiveness of an exhibit should be considered.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

Rule 1. Extracted honey should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Style and display 15

Quality 45

Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

Variety 10 Style of package 10

Clearness of color 5 Variety of package 5

Body 5 Finish 5

Flavor 5

Remarks: 1. Light clover honey pouring out of a vessel is 'a very
light straw color; Spanish needle, a golden hue, and dark clover honey, a
dull amber.

2. Style of package is rated a little high, not only because in that con-
sists the principal beauty of an exhibit of extracted honey, but also because
it involves the best package for marketing. We want to show honey in the
best shape for the retail trade, and that, in this case, means the most

160 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

attractive style for exhibition. Glass packages should be given the prefer-
ence over tin; flint glass over green, and smaller vessels over larger, pro-
vided the latter run over one or two pounds.

3. By variety of package is meant chiefly different sizes; but small pails
for retailing, and, in addition, cans or kegs (not too large) for wholesaling,
may be considered. In the former case, pails painted in assorted colors, and
lettered "Pure Honey", should be given the preference.

4. By finish is meant capping, labeling, etc.

5. Less depends upon the manner of arranging an exhibit of extracted
than of comb honey, and for that reason, as well as to give a higher number
of points to style of package, a smaller scale is allowed for style of display.

SAMPLES OF COMB AND EXTRACTED HONEY.

Rule 1. Single cases of comb honey, entered as such for separate prem-
iums, should be judged by substantially the same rules as those given for
a display of comb honey, and samples of extracted, by those governing
displays of extracted honey.

Rule 2. Samples of comb or extracted honey, as above, may be con-
sidered as part of the general display in their respective departments.

GRANULATED HONEY.

Rule 1. Candied or granulated honey should be judged by the rules
for extracted honey, except as below.

Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

Variety 10 Style of package 10

Fineness of grain 5 Variety of package 5

Color .5 Finish 5

Flavor 5

Rule 3. An exhibit of granulated honey may be entered or considered
as part of a display of extracted honey.

NUCLEI OF BEES.

Rule. Bees in observation hives should be marked on a scale of 100.
as follows:

Color and markings 30 Quietness 5

Size of bees 30" Style of comb 5

Brood 10 Style of hive 10

Queen 10

Remarks: 1. Bees should be exhibited only in the form of single
frame nuclei, in hives or cages with glass sides.

2. Italian bees should show three or more bands, ranging from leather
color to golden .or light yellow.

3. The markings of other races should be those claimed for those races
in their purity.

4. A nucleus from which the queen is omitted should score zero on that
point.

5. The largest quantity of brood in all stages or nearest to that should
score the highest in that respect.

6. The straightest, smoothest and most complete comb, with the most
honey consistent with the most brood, should score the highest in that
respect.

7. That hive which is neatest and best made and shows the bees, etc.,
to the best advantage should score the highest.

ILLINOIS STATE BBEK:EEPEaaS^ ASSOCIATION. 161

QUEEN BEES.

Rule. Queen bees in cages should be marked on a scale of 100, as
follows:

Quantity 40 Quality and variety 40

Style of caging and display 20

Remarks: 1. The best in quality consistent with variety should score
the highest. A preponderance of Italian queens should overweigh a pre-
ponderance of black ones, or, perhaps, of any other race or strain; but
sample queens of any or all varieties should be duly considered. Under the
head of quality should also be considered the attendant bees. There should
be about a dozen with each queen.

2. Neatness and finish of cages should receive due consideration, but
the principal points in style are to "make and arrange the cages so as to
show the inmates to the best advantage.

BEESWAX.

Rule. Beeswax should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Quality 40

Style of display 20

flemarks: 1. Pale, clear, yellow specimens should score the highest,
and the darker grades should come next in order.

2. By style is meant chiefly the forms in which the wax is molded and
put up for exhibition. Thin cakes or small pieces are more desirable in the
retail trade than larger ones. Some attention may be given to novelty and
variety.

—11 B A

162 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

FOUL BROOD IN BEES.

So important it is to be well posted on the two most important, and
likewise, most destructive, diseases of bees, that a full description of the
diseases and their treatment is herewith given. These are taken verbatim
from Bulletins Nos. 2 and 5 of the Michigan Apiary Inspection Division and
were written by Michigan's present State Bee Inspector, Mr. B. F. Kindig.

AMERICAN FOULBROOD.

American Foul Brood is an infectious disease of the larvae of the honey
bee.

CAUSE.

The disease is caused by a microscopic organism similar in appearance
and habits to some of the germs which cause disease in the human body.
The organism is known as Bacillus larvae. \

SYMPTOMS.

To the beekeeper who is unfamiliar with this disease, usually the first
symptoms apparent are a gradual weakening of the colony and the presence
of a very unpleasant odor in the hive. In the very early stages of the
disease it is recognized by an occasional brood cell capping being sunken
and darker in appearance than the cappings of the adjacent cells. A part
of these cappings may also have small holes in them, often ragged in ap-
ivearance. Upon further examination it may be found that in a few un-
capped cells the larvae have died and are decaying on the lower cell walls.
Upon careful examination, the dead larval remains in all of the cells just
mentioned will be found to be similatr in shape and position, although they
may vary somewhat in color. Soon after the death of the larva it begins
to take on a brownish appearance and the longer the larva has been dead
and the more it becomes dried down the darker is the color. When the
remains have dried down to a thin scale on the lower cell wall the color
becomes almost black. When larvae die from this disease the decayed
remains tend to become quite gluey in their consistency. If a match or
tooth-pick be inserted into the cell and a part of the remains drawn out
it will be found to stretch out somewhat like glue. This quality is com-
monly spoken of as ropiness and is often considered the diagnostic symptom
of this disease. However, in making a diagnosis these four factors should
be present:

(1) The larvae should lie on the lower cell wall.

(2) The color should be brown or black.

(3) The consistency of the larvae should be ropy unless dried down,
into a black hard scale.

(4) The odor should be repulsive, inamuch as it is commonly de-
scribed as smelling like a glue pot.

Even in a very mild case of disease the first three symptoms should be
apparent while the fourth (the odor) may not be so noticeable if only a
few cells are affected. Whenever there is the slightest doubt as to the
diagnosis of disease a sample of the comb containing the diseased larvae

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 163

should be sent to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bee Culture Labor-
atory, Washington, D. C, where a microscopic examination will be made.
Upon application, the department will gladly furnish a mailing case for
sending in samples of comb for disease identification.

TREATMENT.

The only successful treatment for American Foulbrood consists in re-
moving the bees from the combs and hives and placing them in a clean
hive without combs but in which the frames are fitted with full sheets
of foundation. There are slight variations in the method of treatmant
according to the season of the year. These slight differences will be fully
discussed under the method of treatment for the particular season. If it
is at all possible to avoid it. a diseased colony should never be treated in
the same yard with colonies that are not diseased. "Wherever possible,
the diseased colonies should be removed a mile or more from the yard,
given the proper treatment and then returned to the yard. Whenever treat-
ing for disease one should give due consideration to the location of other
beekeepers in order that disease may not be spread by robbing during the
process of treatment.

SPRINGTIME TREATMENT.

When it is desired to treat the bees in the spring as early as possible
and when more than one colony is diseased, it is possible to save the brood
of each colony excepting the last one treated by the following plan:

Pick out from among the diseased colonies the ones which are deemed
strong enough to stand the shock of treatment during the month of May.
Each of these colonies should be transferred into clean hives with full
sheets of foundation and the brood which they had should be placed on
one or more of the weaker diseased colonies. In the process of transferring,
the diseased colony is placed two feet or so to the back or side of where
it formerly stood. The hive into which it is desired to transfer the bees
is placed on the old stand. After placing a newspaper in front of the hives
to catch any honey that may drip, then taking one frame at a time the bees
should be brushed upon the paper in front of the new hive. Care should be
used to see that the queen enters the new hive. After she is in, a queen-
guard or queen and drone trap should be placed on the entrance to prevent
the swarm from absconding. After all the bees have been removed, the
combs may be placed on another diseased colony as said before. If only one
colony is affected then the combs should be buried deeply or burned. In
all of the manipulations concerned with the handling of disease every pre-
caution must be used in order that no robbing may take place. If any
robbing occurs it is quite certain that each colony concerned in the robbing
will later become diseased. For this reason it is customary to treat dis-
eased bees late in the evening after the bees quit flying. If it is necessary
to treat them in a yard where there are healthy colonies, then the entrances
to all the adjacent healthy colonies should be closed with a screen so that
in the excitement and confusion incident to transferring if any of the bees
from the diseased hive attempt to enter they will be unable to do so. If
it is impractical to remove the bees from the yard for treatment, then the
hives should be moved a foot or more each day until the diseased hives
are as far as they can be placed in the yard from other colonies. Many
beekeepers who have treated disease from year to year find it advisable to
use a screened cage about six feet square and six feet high. They perform
all of the work of transferring within this cage. In this way it is impos-
sible for robbers to enter or for any of the bees of the colony to enter
a,nother hive. Whenever bees are disturbed as in transferring they fill their
honey sacs with honey. In case it is a diseased colony the honey which they
carry may transmit disease to any colony which such bees may enter. It

164

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL

REPORT OP THE

is, therefore, very essential that all of the bees of a diseased colony be
kept together. Colonies which are strong enough to admit of treatment in
the month of May should build up and stoije a satisfactory amount of honey
during the following honey flow.

SUMMER TREATfMENT.

Weak colonies on which the brood was stacked from the colonies
treated in May, or other colonies which were too weak for treatment at
that time should be treated during the firist few days of the main summer
honey flow which in this State is either tlie basswood or clover flow. The
same method of treatment should be folldwed as described previously, ex-
cepting that in case some colonies are net strong enough at that time to
produce surplus honey, then, two or more colonies should be united at
the time of treatment. It is not advisatle to handle colonies in such a
way that the surplus honey crop is entirely sacrificed. If an increase in
the number of colonies is desired, it can be made in the latter part of the
clover flow with but very slight sacriflce in the honey crop. The brood from
five or six treated colonies can be piled upon one diseased colony and after
three weeks when all of the brood is hatched, then the remaining colony
should be treated. Whether or not all of
the beginning of the main honey flow is

they are all treated at that time all frames containing brood must be

diseased colonies are still weak
those that are strong enough on

burned or buried at once. If some of thd

it is probably best to pile the brood from

them and arrange to treat three weeks later. However, when treatment is

delayed until three weeks after the beginning of the honey flow in some

instances not sufficient time is left for them to store honey enough for their

needs. In this case they will have to be fed later.

FALL TREATMENT

It occasionally happens that a colony
spring may not be discovered until after
gathered. In general, it is not advisable
honey flow. The danger of robbing und(;r
greater and feeding must be resorted to i|n
Late cases of infection may be treated
brood rearing has practically ceased. The
as described before, excepting that the
without frames. They should be left in
At that time the beekeeper should carefully
bottom board. A hive body full of combsi
colony should be set in its place. Then tqe
should be set on top and jarred slightly.
of the combs and honey and the empty hite

during

bees

FEEDING IN CONNECTION

i:et

When it is desirable to treat very earl|y
necessary to resort to feeding in order to
to get brood rearing under way as quicklj'
bees carry with them a supply of honey which
several days, it is not necessary' to do any
after treatment. It is very fortunate that
carrying honey which the bees have in theijr
ment, all danger of disease is eliminated
tion they very rapidly use up the honey w|hich
secretion of wax for comb building. For
treating disease to give the colony a set of

the colonies are to be treated at
optional with the beekeeper. If

which becomes infected in the

the clover honey crop has been

to treat bees when there is no

such conditions is very much

order to keep the colony alive.

the month of October after

method of treatment is the same

are transferred into a hive

this hive for at least 48 hours.

remove the hive body from the

of honey taken from a healthy

empty hive body with the bees

bees will then take possession

body may be removed.

The

WITH TREATMENT.

in the season it is occasionally
the foundation drawn out and
as possible. Realizing that the
is sufl[icient for their food for
feeding until two to three days
in the digesting of the disease
honey sacs at the time of treat-
When bees are placed on founda-
they have with them in the
this reason it is not advisable in
irawn combs. When this is done

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 165

they deposit the honey which they carry with them in the cells and part of
it is fed to the young larvae which they proceed to rear. Thus the disease
which was present in the old hive is continued in the new one. When it is
necessary to feed, the use of a Boar'dman entrance feeder or an Alexander
bottom board is very convenient. If these are not at hand a very efficient
feeder can be made by punching a number of fine holes in the lid of a
friction top pail. This should be filled with syrup and inverted directly
over the frames. The bees will then suck out the syrup.

DISPOSAL OF WAX AND HONEY.

Where only a small number of colonies are treated the best means of
disposal of the frames and honey is to burn or bury them. In cases where
a large yard is quite generally diseased it then becomes advisable to save
as much of the equipment as possible. After the brood has been allowed to
emerge as previously mentioned, then the hive bodies of combs should be
removed to a bee-tight building. There the honey should be extracted at
once. The honey may be used for making honey vinegar. It is not desirable
to sell this honey as it may be exposed by the purchasers in such a way
that bees may secure some of it and thus carry the disease to their own
hives. '

After extracting, unless a very cold cellar is available for storing the
combs, it is necessary to cut the combs out and melt them at once because
of the danger of wax moths at that season. No one should ever' attempt to
ship diseased combs to a foundation factory for rendering, excepting dur-
ing the months of December, January and February. When combs are
packed in a barrel and shipped, very often honey leaks out upon the floors
of the cars or in the freight houses and becomes accessible to the bees of
the vicinity. This practice is forbidden by law in most states including
Michigan.

After disposing of the combs and honey the frames should be boiled
for not less than five minutes in a solution made from one can of con-
centrated lye to six gallons of water. Before placing the frames in this
solution the wax and propolis should be carefully removed. After boiling,
the frames should be thoroughly rinsed in a tub of clear, warm water.
The hive bodies, super covers and bottom boards, should be thoroughly
scraped to remove all particles of wax, honey and propolis. Then they
should be gone over with a flame of a blow torch and the surface scorched
until no germs can remain alive. Ordinarily supers and hive bodies are
more easily sterilized by piling, them up-side-down as high as one can con-
veniently reach and burning a small handful of straw or paper on the in-
side. Care must be exercised else th© whole pile of supers will be burned
up. A hive cover should be convenient for putting over the top to stop the
blaze.

It must be realized that there is grave danger in the handling of dis-
eased material unless every precaution is taken to prevent robbing. The
extractor should be thoroughly scalded out after extracting diseased honey.
If possible the extractor should' be taken to where it may be turned up-
side-down and a steam hose turned into it with considerable pressure for
at least 15 minutes. If the wax is rendered, the slumgum and the water
used in wax rendering should be buried after the bees have quit flying in
the evening. All vessels or tools which come in contact with the disease
must be thoroughly disinfected. If the above directions are followed care-
fully much valuable material may be saved. If not, Foul Brood will be
scattered far and wide over the adjacent territory.

METHODS OF SPREAD.

American Foul Brood is commonly spread through carelessness on the
part of someone. If carelessness on the part of beekeepers could be elim-
inated the problem of controlling Foul Brood would be very much simpli-

IGG

twexty-seCoxd annual report of the

fied. Weak diseased colonies may be robbed qut because the entrances have
not been contracted to a point where they can defend themselves. Dead
diseased colonies are robbed out because the beekeeper's carelessly leaves
such colonies exposed in the bee-yard. It Is a beekeeper's business to know
whether any colonies are dead or weak, and ::t is his business to take care
of them so that they may not be a menace to the neighboring beekeepers.
The careless exposure of disease carrying honey and the like is criminal
and the offender should be punished by nothing less than confinement in
the county jail. Often honey houses and othe* places where diseased honey
and combs are stored have cracks in the doors or windows or the siding
does not fit properly and whatever is contaiied therein is exposed to all
of the bees in the territory. Often hives in which the colonies have died
from disease are sold either through ignorance of the seller, or as has been
amply demonstrated, because his sense of rig] it and justice has never been
properly developed. A careful survey of corditions in Wisconsin showed
that a large part of the spread of foul brood was directly traceable to the
selling or moving of diseased hives or equipment. The feeding of honey, a
part of which was extracted from a diseaseii colony, causes an outbreak
of disease wherever such honey is fed. It is not always possible to know
whether or not some of it may have come frori a diseased hive even though
no disease is known to be present in the bee-yard. Some of the honey in the
yard may have been stored from honey robbed
neighborhood.

from a diseased colony in the

BEE YARD SANITATION

The bee-yard practice must be such as to prevent robbing.

Frames of honey should not be taken frpm one colony and given as
food to another colony.

A diseased colony should never be opened when there is the slightest
danger of robbing.

Diseased colonies should be removed from the yard as soon as dis-
covered and treated before returning them.

Carelessness, ignorance and malice are aL the bottom of most of the
spread of disease.

Do not use equipment from an unknown source without seeing to it
that it can not carry disease.

When a colony shows disease every fram(; connected with that colony
must be destroyed. Some have erroneously judged that those frames which
do not have dead larvae in them are suitable for further use.

In purchasing bees buy them in combless packages, not on drawn
combs, unless there has been no disease among the bees for at least one
year. The selling of diseased bees contributed largely to the spread of
disease in Michigan.

Every super and every frame should be numbered to correspond with
the hive on which it belongs and should, be i.sed there and nowhere else.
If this suggestion is followed, extracted honey producers will find that
foulbrood is just as easy to control in their ysjds as in the yards of comb
honey producers.

EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD.

European Foul Brood is a bacterial diseasje
the larvae of workers, queens, and drones. It
they are about three days old and usually kills
capped. The disease is quite variable in its se"S
the uncapped larvae arc affected while in other
conditions of season or honey flow, but very few

DISTRIBUTION.

which causes the death of

attacks them normally when

them before the cells are

erity; in some cases most of

colonies or under different

larvae may be attacked.

European Foul Brood is found in nearly
and in Illinois is prevalent in Central and
ago Dr. E. F. Phillips of the Bureau of Enton](ology

all sections of the Country,

Northern Illinois. Several years

United States Depart-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 167

ment of Agriculture, called the attention of the writer to what seemed to be
a striking coincidence, in that European Foul Brood seemed to be particularly
virulent on the poorer types of soil. The truth of this statement seems to
be well borne out in the distribution of the disease in the various counties.
While the disease is frequently met with on the heavier types of soil, yet it
appears as a serious menace largely on the lighter soils where there is but
little incoming nectar during the spring and early summer months. There
are many counties in the State from which the disease has not been re-
ported. This should not be construed to mean that such territories are im-
mune from the malady. On the contrary, it seems to be purely an accident
that this trouble has not appeared in many of these counties.

PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS.

As noted above, areas in which there are but few nectar secreting
flowers during the early part of the season seemed to be favorable for the
development of the disease. As Italian bees are essential for the control
of this disease, it therefore follows that in those communities where the
black bees predominate European Foul Brood is particularly serious. It
has also been noted that the poor wintering of bees is exceedingly favorable
to rapid progress of the disease. Those colonies are particularly susceptible
which are weak in numbers and slow to build up either because of insuflS-
cient strength or because of the presence of a failing queen.

STRENGTH OF COLONY IN RELATION TO DISEASE.

Strong colonies of bees attempt to eradicate the disease from the hive
by carrying out the dead larvae. This reminds one of the reaction of a
strong colony to the presence of wax moths. Weak colonies seem to make
but little effort to clean out the diseased larvae as they appear. The carry-
ing out of the dead larvae seems to be an important factor in retarding the
spread of the disease within the colony. Nurse bees have often been observed
sucking the juices from the bodies of the dead larvae. Doubtless the nurse
bees, because of their contamination with the bacteria, form the principal
agency in the dissemination in the hive.

Very little is definitely known regarding the spread of the disease from
hive to hive or from one apiary to another. It has been definitely shown,
however, that the disease can be transferred by the agency of the honey
taken from the diseased colonies.

DIAGNOSIS.

The larvae are first affected by European Foul Brood while they are
curled up in the backs of the cells adjacent to the midrib of the comb.
Frequently the larvae seem to move slightly before death and dead larvae
change in color from pearly white to gray or yellow and if permitted to
remain in the cells they may become a yellowish brown or brown in color.
The larvae do not adhere tightly to the cell walls. In serious cases there is
usually a decided odor. There is but slight ropiness, if any at all. Queen,
worker, and drone larvae seem to be equally susceptible to the disease.

In case of any doubt in diagnosis of disease, write to the Bee Culture
Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, asking for a box
in which to mail a sample of the diseased comb. The comb should not be
wrapped in waxed paper nor mailed in tin containers.

TREATMENT.

During the past ten years the methods of treatment for European
Foul Brood have been changed quite radically. The transferring of the bees
from the diseased hive is no longer advocated.

c

168 TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

E. W. Alexander of New York and Dr. C. C. Miller of Illinois, demon-
strated conclusively that the destruction of combs and the loss of brood were
unnecessary in treating this disease. Dr. E. F. Phillips has summed up the
whole matter of preventive measures: "The practices of good beekeeping are
those which result in the eradication of European Foul Brood."*

Every beekeeper should look forward to the possibility of European
Foul Brood becoming epidemic in his apiary. Preventive measures are
therefore indicated rather than awaiting the coming of the disease and then
attempting to remedy the situation. The following points are particularly
important in this connection: Young queens, an abundance of food, suitable
winter protection, Italian blood, and strong colonies.

In combating the disease after it has appeared, the queens of the dis-
eased colonies should be killed and Italian queens of known resistance should
be introduced as soon as the bees have had an opportunity to free the combs
from all dead larvae. The length of time required for removing the dead
larvae depends upon the race of bees and strength of the colonies as well
as the amount of infection present. If colonies are weak, it is frequently
desirable to unite two or more colonies. The uniting of two weak dis-
couraged diseased colonies frequently results in a complete change of
morale and a quick cleaning up of the diseased material.

In those apiaries where most colonies are headed with resistant stock,
it is unnecessary to send away for queens. Ripe queen cells from the best
queens may be introduced into the colonies at the time the old queens are
killed or a few days later depending upon the severity of the disease. If the
cells are introduced some time after the removal of the queens, then a care-
ful examination of the combs must be made and all queen cells removed be-
fore introducing the ripe cells. Negligence in this matter may result in a
hopelessly queenless colony due to the destruction by the bees of the cell
introduced and by the blasting of the cells reared by the colony because of
the disease present.

In connection with the treatment for disease, beekeepers frequently
find it advantageous to feed a thin syrup at frequent intervals. After re-
queening all diseased colonies the beekeeper should keep very close watch
of the performance of the various queens. He should begin rearing young
queens from those queens which seem to produce colonies most resistant to
the disease. The beekeeper should not depend entirely upon purchasing
queens from regular queen breeders. He should learn to rear his own
queens from thosei which he knows are fully capable of carrying their col-
onies through the season \\'ithout a severe outbreak of disease. The vigor of
a queen seems to be impaired by shipping through the mail. Vigor is of
exceeding importance in queens in apiaries where disease is present.

♦Farmers' Bulletin 975, "The Control of European Foul Brood," by Dr. E. F.
Phillips.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

169

LIST OF MEMBERS FOR ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'
ASSOCIATION FOR 1922.

Adam, Edgar, Strawn, 111.
Aikman, H. L., Farmersville, 111.
Allen, H, E., Carbondale, 111.
Allen, L. R., Carbondale, 111.
Allen, Ralph, Jr., Delavan, 111.
Amees, Harvey, R. 1, Mattoon, 111.
Anderson, Joe, Carbondale, 111.
Anderson, Robert, Chatham, 111.
Anderson, W. R., Normal, 111.
Annear, Roy, R. 2, Mulkeytown, 111.
Antle, Marshall B., Berlin, 111.
Archer, W. L., McLean, 111.
Arrowsmith, Mrs. H. P., Gibson City,

111.
Augustine, A. A., R. 2, Dakota, 111.
Ayers, R. G., Orion, 111.
Bailey, Geo. W., Carthage, 111.
Baker, Fred, Brownfield, 111.
Balduff, Henry, Beardstown, 111.
Baltimore, Guy, Woodhull, 111.
Banta, R. R., Oquawka, 111.
Barbe, W. P., R. 1, Tennessee, 111.
Barber, R. I., 808 E. Wash St.,

Bloomington, 111.
Barker, H. M., Centralia, 111.
Barnes, Dr. F. E., Charleston, 111.
Barr, C. W., Gardner, 111.
Barrett, E. E., 333 S. Waiola Ave.,

LaGrange, 111.
Bartsch, F. R., 332 W. 69th St., Chi-

cago. 111.

Baumgaertel, H., Okawville, 111.

Baxter, Dr. A. C, Leland Office Bldg
Springfield, 111.

Baxter, E. J., Nauvoo, 111.

Bear, Wm. F., Buena Vista, 111.

Beaver, Wallace R., Lincoln, 111.

Bell, B. F., Box 56, Kingston Mines,
111.

Bellatti, Fred, Mt. Pulaski, 111.

Bender, C. F., Newman, 111.

Bennett, C. S., 308 7th St., Charles-
ton, 111.

Berg, Bernhard, R. 5, Danville, 111.
Berry, Eugene F., R. 4, Taylorville,
111.

Billings, A. D., E. Vernon Ave.,
Normal,, 111.

Bilski, S. W., 444 Richmond Ave., La-
Grange, 111.

Binks, Mrs. A., 537 N. Stone Ave.,
LaGrange, 111.

Bishop, Elmer, Virden, 111.

Bishop, E. E., 4017 Moody Ave., Chi-
cago, 111.

Bishop, Frank, Taylorville, 111. t*-

Blume, W. B., Norwood Park, 111.

Blume, W. B., 6505 Normal Park
Ave., Chicago, 111.

Boberg, Ed., Cambridge, 111.

Borger, John, Carbondale, 111.

Boyer, J. T., Champaign, 111.

Brandon, John D., Carbondale, 111.

Brandon, Wm. A., Carbondale, 111.

Brazor, F. S., 5607 Broadway, Chi-
cago, 111.

Brelsford, W. H., Box 123, Kenney,
111.

Brewer, Harry, Box 106, Carbondale,
111.

Brigham, Wm., Bloomington, 111.

Brockman, John, Glenview, 111.

Brockman, Val H., 204 N. 4th St.,
Streator, 111.

Brodbeck, P. M., 608 S. Bl., Evans-
ton, 111.

Brown's Hdw., Newark, 111.

Brown, Anderson, Normal, 111.

Brown, Ed., Woodhull, 111.

Brown, E. W., Willow Springs, 111.

Brown, Geo. E., Franklin, 111.

Brown, G. H., Carbondale, 111.

Brown, W. S., Carbondale, 111.

Bryan, Eugene, Maywood, 111.

Bryant, E. J., 710 Walnut Ave.,
Elgin, 111.

Bull, John C, 1013 Calumet Ave.,.
Valparaiso, Ind.

Burkhart, C. C, Main St., Mendota,
111.

Caldwell, F. M., Carbondale, 111.

Cale, G. H., Hamilton, 111.

Campbell, Ernest J., Sullivan, 111.

Carlson, Chas. J., Woodhull, 111.

Carlson, E, C, 47th and Sunset Road,
LaGrange, 111.

Carlson, P. A., Galva, 111,

/

ITO

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Case, C. W., 1319 45th Ave., Rock
Island, 111.

Chamberlain, Mrs. J. B., Ridgefarm,
111.

Clanahan, Mrs. J. D., Brownfleld, 111.

Clark, Lewis, Golconda, 111.

Claussen, W. C, 6325 S. Campbell
Ave., Chicago, 111.

Clifford, Irl, Altona, 111.

Clover, H. L., Morrisonville, 111.

Coate, Eber, R. 2, Georgetown, 111.

Coe, Clinton W., R. 1, Ridgefarm, 111.

Coll, E. F., Cambridge, 111.

Collins, Julia, 631 Homewood Ave.,
Highland Park.

Colyer, Prof. Frank H., Carbondale,
111.

Concidine, Frank, 515 DeKalb Ave.,

• DeKalb, 111.

Concidine, Roy, R. 3, care of Grant
Mosher, DeKalb, 111.

Cook, A. N., Rio, 111.

Cooper, A. C, Wyoming, 111.

Coppin, Aaron, Wenona, 111.

Corbin, Steve, 308 N. 7th St., Charles-
ton, 111.

Cornelius, Joseph, Normal, 111.

Cornelius, W. H., Dow, 111.

Cox, Stephen W., 2914 Jackson Blvd.,
Chicago, 111.

Coyle, J. F., Penfield, 111.

Craig, E. C, Mattoon, 111.

Cronk, H. M., 6620 S. Hoyne Ave.,
Chicago, 111.

Crum, F. 0., Palmyra, 111.

Cushman, Sampel, Room 505, 6 E.
Lake St., Chicago, 111.

Custer, F. W., 319 E. Taylor St., De-
Kalb, 111.

Dadant, C. P., Hamilton, 111.

Dadant, L. C, Hamilton, 111.

Dadant, M. G., Hamilton, 111.

Dalbey, E. R., Fithian, 111.

D'Arcy, Jos. A., 1534 W. 104th St.,
Chicago, 111.

Davis, Chas. W., Curran.

DeBolt, D., Galva, 111.

DeLong, S. C, 5779 E. Circle Ave.,
Chicago, 111.

Derrick, A. P., Kenney, 111.

•Desort, Frank, 1308 Ottawa St., Lin-
coln, 111.

Devore, Chas. W., Lexington, 111.

Dickson, R. C, 1014 Davis St.,
Evanston, 111.

Dicus, A. C, 118 N. LaSalle St., Chi-
cago, 111.

Diebold, A. J., Seneca, 111.

Dillinger, Henry, Carbondale, 111.

Dillinger, J. A., Carbondale, 111.

Dineen, John, 1251 W. Washington
St., Springfield, 111.

Dock, A. L., Galva, 111.

Doty, T. W., Charleston, 111.

Donnell, Carson, Donnellson, 111.

Dubois, H. A., Cobden, 111.

Duckwall, W. G., R. 2, Jacksonville,
111.

Dunker, Wm. H., 741 Clay St., Wood-
stock, 111.

Dwight, John, Glenview, 111.

Eaker, Albert H., Box 23, Lombard,.
111.

Earls, W. S., New Canton, 111.

Easterday, A., Niota, 111.

Easterly, Frank A., Carbondale, IlL

Eisenbise, Ira B., Lanark, 111.

Engle, John H., Danvers, 111.

Etherton, Jas., Carbondale, 111.

Fakes, M. R., Carbondale, 111.

Faulstich, T. J., 612 S. Buchan St.,
Danville, 111.

Ferree, Virgil E., R. 2, Mattoon, IIU

Ferry, Harold, R. 2, Warrensburg,
111.

Fesler, A. B., Cambridge, 111.

Field, C. A., Brownfleld. IlL

Fisher, Floyd F., Shirland, 111.

Fischer, Benj. H., Roanoke, 111.

Flynn, John, 314 Renfro St., Carbon-
dale, 111.

Fox, Claude, Carbondale, 111.

Franseen, Walter, Woodhull, 111.

Frederick, Brother, Techny, 111.

Frey, Jake, Mechanicsburg, 111.

Frian, Wm., Geneseo, 111.

Fuller, H. H., Charleston, 111.

Funk, Henry, 710 N. School St.,
Normal, 111.

Galushka, Joseph, 926 Pekin St., Lin-
coln, 111.

Gaumer, Clay F., Alvin, 111.

Garner, Paul E., Rockport, 111.

Gates, C. M., Tiskilwa, 111.

Geddes, J. F., 204 Dale Bldg., Dan-
ville, 111.

Gerard, Walter, 502 N. 5th St.,
Charleston, 111.

Gerretson, Fred, Fox Lake, 111.

Gheen, Jas. T., Auburn, 111.

Gill, A. G., 6535 N. Ashland Ave.,
Chicago, 111.

Goddard, W. H., Carbondale, 111.

Grant, H. L., Mt. Greenwood, 111.

Graper, G. J., 1140 S. Western Ave.,
Chicago, 111.

Grav, Nellie, Hastings, 111.

Griffin, A. C, 261 William St., River
Forest, 111.

Griffin, Wm. M., Carthage, 111.

Grisemauer, Geo. J., 5006 Catalpa
Ave., Chicago.

Groh, Ed., 2515 Ridgeway Ave., Chi-
cago, 111.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

171

Grover, James, Versailles, 111.
Groves, Joe, Carbondale.
Guliford, G. L., Bloomington, 111.
Haan, J. Frank, DesPlalnes, 111.
Halla, Geo., 5220 Winthrop Ave.,

Chicago, 111.
Hamer, N. P., Hartsburg, 111.
Hamilton, A. E., Danville, 111.
Hansen, Miss E. D., 309 N. Pros-
pect Ave., Park Ridge, 111.
Harkness, P. J., East Lynn, 111.
Harnock, W. G. Geneseo, 111.
Harper, Harvey, 801 E. Jefferson St.,

Bloomington, 111.
Harris, J. D., Alhambra, 111.
Hartwell, Judge, MarioWlll.
Hayes, A. L., Galva, IlL
Hayes, G. M., Curran, 111.
Hays, Hubert, Carbondale, 111.
Healy, James P., Fairbury, 111.
Hegg, O. T., 308 Park Ave., River

Forest, 111.
Heilman, Geo. A., 209 Sabella St.,

Pekin, 111.
Heise, H. S., Palantine, 111.
Helwig, F, W., Oquawka, 111.
Hendricks, F. E., Frederick, 111.
Henley, Thomas, Tiskilwa, 111.
Henline, H. B., Bloomington, 111.
Henry, Ed., R. 5, Bloomington, 111.
Herrick, 645 E. 111th St., Chicago,

111.
Heskett, Geo. W., R. 2, Kewanee, 111.
Hettel, Henry, Marine, 111.
Hill, Jas., 600 Carico, Carbondale, 111.
Hlnes,. B., Carbondale, 111.
Hodel, J. S., Cissna Park, 111.
Hoeppner, Henry, 9205 Loomis,

Chicago, 111.
Hoes, T. Scott, Butler, 111.
Hofmann, Frank, Lyons, 111.
Hohertz, Wm., La Moille, 111.
Holm, Chris, Box 381, Genoa, IH.
Holmes, J. W., Galva, 111.
Holmes, 0. W., Cambridge, 111.
Hopkins, J. J., Hinsboro, 111.
Hopps, A. D., LaMoille, 111.
Horstmann, W. H., 948 W. 68th St.,

Chicago, 111.
Hoyt, H. J., St. Joseph, 111.
Huff, W. F., Galva, 111.
Hutt, Mrs. Lavina L., Gorham, 111.
Hyde, W. H., Canton, 111.
Iglemoose, H. A., Wheaton, 111.
Irvin, Frank L., R. F. D., Carlock,

111.
Jefferies, A. E., Springfield, 111.
Jelinck, Anton, Naperville, 111.
Johnson, Lee, 322 S. 11th St., De-

Kalb, 111.
Johnson, Alfred, R. 1, Rankin, 111.
Johnson, L. M., Ogden, 111.

Johnson, W. R., R. 5, Bloomington,
111.

Johnston, C. S., 402 Sycamore St.,
Carbondale, 111.

Jones, Leroy, Hoopeston, 111.

Juvinall, 0^.i]., 707 W. Seminary St.,
Danville, 111.

Kannenberg, C. F., 1114 Augusta St.,
Oak Park, 111.

Keeran, Jas. W., 802 S. Mason St.,
Bloomington, 111.

Keller, P. C, Homewood, 111.

Kellogg, Will M., New Boston, 111.

Kelly, Jos., 319 Webster Ave., Chi-
cago, 111.

Kerwin, Mrs. Hope E., Gross Point,
111.

Kildow, A. L., Putnam, 111.

Kile, Henry, 208 North Court, Rock-
ford, 111.

Kimmel, L., County Bureau Adviser,
Golconda, 111.

Kimmell, S. S., Carbondale, IlL

King, Harry, R. 5, Springfield, 111.

Kirlin, Harry T., Warsaw, 111.

Klinglet, B. F., Rossville, 111.

Kluge, J. 0., Golconda, 111.

Knoblauch, H., LaSalle, 111.

Koelling, Hugo, 5222 Liano Ave.,
Chicago, 111.

Kohr, C. F., 9311 S. Western, Chi-
cago, 111.

Kommer, Ed., Andover, 111.

Kommer, Elmer, Woodhull, 111.

Kopp, Wm., 1343 N. California, Chi-
cago, 111.

Koritz, J. N., Buckley, 111.

Kornmeyer, Anton, 8601 S. Hermi-
tage Ave., Chicago, 111.

Kowalsky, C. L., Golconda, 111.

Kragness, T. A., 6031 Wentworth
Ave., Chicago, 111.

Krebs, H., 4146 Broadway, Apt. 2,
Chicago, 111.

Krier, Anna, Des Plaines, 111.

Krueger, F. N., 1641 N. Gilbert St.,
Danville, 111.

Krueger, Gustave, Geneseo, 111.

Kruse, Chas., 420 E. Crawford,
Paris, 111.

Krynicki, Alex, 3858 N. Richmond
St., Chicago, 111.

Kupfel, Eugene, 5528 S. Oakley Ave.,
Chicago, 111.

Landen, Erie, 5226 N. Cicero Ave.,
Chicago, 111.

Lampman, C. W., Rockton, 111.

Larson, E. W., 501 N. LaSalle St.,
Chicago, 111.

Larson, Mike, Box 144, Gardner, 111.

Lee, S. D., Carbondale, 111.

Lehman, Ed., Hoopole, 111.

172

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Leib, E. L., Winchester, 111.
Lind, M. H., Bader, 111.
Lirely, C. J., Makanda, 111.
Louden, John, Carbondale, 111.
Lucuis, A., 1916 W. 88th St., Chicago,

111.
Lyman, W. C, Downers Grove, 111.
Mack, Emil, River Grove, 111.
MacNeill, J. A., 11339 S. Irving Ave.,

Chicago, 111.
Madsen, L., Gardner, 111.
Mann, Lewis, Lincoln, 111.
Marshall, Wm., 1015 Pleasant St.,

DeKalb, 111.
Mathis, Geo. P., Reynoldsville, 111.
May Seed & Nursery Co., Shenan-
doah, 111.
May, Fred H., Meredosia, 111.
McClure, J. H., Roodhouse, 111.
McClure, N. L., Golconda, 111.
McCulloch, Frank, 2236 Orrington

Ave., Evanston, 111.
McCuIlough, Fred, R. 3, Urbana, 111.
McCullough, J. E., R. 2, Golconda, 111.
DcDaniels, J. E., Girard, 111.
.McDonald, Geo., 224 Virginia Ave.,

Westville, 111.
McKee, J. B., Taylorville, 111.
McKillop, Dan, Lynn Center, 111.
McMillan, J. S., Stronghurst, 111.
Meade, N., Fithian, 111.
Means, M. G., Saybrook, 111.
Meineke, E., 3852 N. Kenneth Ave.,

Chicago, 111.
Meyer, F. J., Brainard Ave., La-
Grange, 111.
Meyer, Ernst, Columbia, 111.
Michael, Simon P., Spring Valley, 111.
Michel, Miss Minnie, Golconda, 111.
Miller, E. S., 508 College Ave., Val-

paraiso, Ind.
Miller, John L., Basco, 111.
Miller, Wm., Danvers, 111.
Mitchell, Dr. H. C, Carbondale, 111.
Mitton, A. R., Franklin Park, 111.
Miller, Oscar C, 155 N. Clark St.,

Room 1217, Chicago, 111.
Moe, H. H., Monroe, Wis.
Moebl, Rev. E., Thomasboro, 111.
Monier, C. Leland, Sparland, 111.
Moon, S. B., 505 Machine St., Peoria,

111.
Moore, Ophelia, Georgetown, 111.
Morrill, Ross B., R. 2, Batavia, 111.
Moss, Dr. H. C, Carbondale, 111.
Moul, E. I., Elgin, 111.
Mountain, M. S., 201 S. Normal Ave.,

Carbondale, 111.
Mozee, Gum, 1017 Dakin, Chicago,

111.
Myers, Tom, R. 2, DeSoto, 111.

Nelson, Carl, McLean, 111.

Nelson, Henry, Geneseo, 111.

Neuman, Herman, Cambridge, 111.

Newby, Clifford W., R. 7, Charles-
ton, 111.

Newell, J. M., 6367 N. Hermitage St.,
Chicago, 111.

Nobleza, Julian, 47th St. and Drexel
Ave., Chicago, 111.

Nordling, J. C, 841 Barry Ave., Chi-
cago, 111.

Nufer, Mrs. M. A., 5632 Oakley St.,
Chicago, 111.

Obenland, Wm., Penfield, 111.

Oberholz, Theo., 2826 Main St., Peru,
111.

O'Brien, John, Newark, 111.

O'Herron, C, R. 8, Danville, 111.

Olson, Louis, Lynn Center, 111.

Ott, Melby, R. 1, Middletown, 111.

Parish, C. L., Room 505, 35 S. Dear-
born, Chicago 111.

Parkinson, Wm., Golcondo, 111.

Parlett, R. C, 59 Cedar St., Home-
wood, 111.

Pearman, Wm., R. 8, Springfield, 111.

Pellett, Frank C, Hamilton, 111.

Peterson, Axel, Galva, 111.

Peterson, C. B., 6959 Union Ave.,
Chicago, 111.

Phelps, Leonard, Plymouth, 111.

Phillips, E. J., 69 W. Washington
St., Chicago, 111.

Pittam, O. A., Burnside, 111.

Pollard, D. B., 141 Lake St., River
Forest, 111.

Pondexter, James, R. 4, Bloomington,
111.

Poole, Jas. A., Gardner, 111.

Porter, Chas. L., Murphysboro, 111.

Primm, Herbert E., Athens, 111.

Purdy, Dr. A. G., Carbondale, 111.

Rasmussen, P. F., Gary, 111.

Reeb, Henry, Golconda, 111.

Rezek, 0. J., Cary Station, 111.

Rhein, H., Box 30, Lemont, 111.

Rice, Mike, 170 Cleveland Ave.,
Batavia, 111.

Richardson, F. H., 6833 Justine St.,
Chicago, 111.

Ridden, W. W., 3211 W. 62nd St.,
Chicago, 111.

Rife, O. F., Naperville, 111.

Ritter, W. L., Genoa, 111.

Rittler, E. W., 2700 Oak St., Quincy,
111.

Robbins, Daniel, Payson, 111.

Roberts, I. T., R. 2, Charleston, 111.

Robinson, Clark, 1100 E. Morgan,
Carlinville, 111.

Robinson, C. H., 503 Normal Ave.,
Normal.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

173

Robinson, B. W., 1454 23rd Ave.,

Rock Island.
Robinson, Ruth L., Normal, 111.
Roehrs, H., Hindsdale, 111.
Roorda, Henry, 10737 Wabash Ave.,

Chicago, 111.
Root Co., A. I., 230 W. Huron St.,

Chicago, 111.
Rosenboom, Henry, Carthage, 111.
Ross, Ora M., R. 3, Rossville, 111.
Rouse, R. W., R. 5, Danville, 111,
Rudisell, D. D., R. 57, Sidney, 111.
Rushing, J. D., Carbondale, 111.
Rusmisell, Frank, Danvers, 111.
Sadler, Curtis, Ogden, 111.
Saunders, C. B., DeSoto, 111.
Sauer, G. L., Polo, 111.
Sauermann, Otto, 954 W. 103rd Place,

Chicago, 111.
Saunders, J. L., Blue Mound, 111.
Sauter, J. J., care of Amer. Tele &

Tel, Co., Bloomington, 111.
Saxe, E. G., Box 172, Riverside, 111.
Schaaf, Albert, Hoopeston, 111.
Schoon, Christian, Gifford, 111.
Schoon, J. G., Penfield, 111.
Schwinn, Geo., 917 Caroline St.,

Pekin, 111.
Scott, W., 1401 Auston ^Ivd., Cicero,

111.
Seastream, Geo., Pawnee, 111.
Sebastian, W. H., Hamburg, 111.
Shade, H. R., R. 1, Urbana, 111. ,
Shaffer, Henry, Hooppole,* 111.
Shearer, Hallock, R. 2, Mt. Carmel,

111.
Shepherd, M. F., Carthage, 111.
Shipp, R. W., 224 S. 8th St., DeKalb,

111.
Siegel, August, Evergreen Park, 111.
Siegfried, Ernest, Carthage, 111.
Sievert, F. W., Porter, Ind.
Sigwalt, E., 1126 N. Dearborn St.,

Chicago, 111.
Simmons, J. R., 15544 Turlington

Ave., Harvey.
Smith, A. G., 4027 N. Drake Ave.,

Chicago, 111.
Smith, A. M., care of A. L. Tie Co.,

Carbondale, 111.
Smith, B. Z., Tuscola, 111.
Smith, C. O., 5446 Cornell Ave., Chi-
cago, 111.
Smith, G. J., Carbondale, 111.
Smith, J. R., Bismark, 111.
Smith, W. G., 6939 N. Western Ave.,

Chicago, 111.
Smith, W. H., 1807 E. Main St.,

Danville, 111.
Snell, F. A., Milledgeville, 111.
Snider, Wm. M., R. 4, Box 48, Earl-

ville, 111.

Sollman, Frank, 6570 S. Clairmont
Ave., Chicago, 111.

Snyder, Chas., Box 648, Middletown,
111.

Sopher, Frank, 8043 Muskegon Ave.,
Chicago, 111.

Spiller, Judge A. L., Carbondale, 111.

Stableton, John, Holder, 111.

Staubus, C. C, R. 5, Bloomington,
111.

Stevens, A., 2455 Foster Ave., Chi-
cago, 111.

Steffenson, A. J., R. 6, Woodstock,
111.

Stein, L. E., Saybrook, 111.

Steinberg, E. J., Cropsey, 111.

Stewart, W. H. H., Emerson, 111.

Stickler, Wm., Lk. Box 632, Lexing-
ton, 111.

Stone, Jas. A., Farmingdale, 111.

Street, A. J., Waggoner, 111.

Stumm, W. H., Edinburg, 111.

Stutt, Alfred, Lincoln, 111.

Suhre, Walter H., Hoopeston, 111.

Sutherland, H. C, Carbondale, 111.

Swanson, A. E., Hoopole, 111.

Swezey, Mrs. J. W., Garden Prairie,
111.

Talbot, S. M., Carthage, 111.

Talor, G. Y., Bismark, 111.

Testa, P. L., Georgetown, 111.

Tharlkill, E. M., Carbondale, 111.

Thomas, Alfred E., Secor, 111.

Thomas, Melvin, Charleston, 111.

Tolberg, F. J., 732 N. Academy,
Galesburg, 111.

Tomlinson, Delbert, Geneseo, 111.

Toney, L. C, Hoopeston, 111.

Topp, Wm., Box 364, DeKalb, 111.

Toth, John & Son, R. 3, Box 253,
Peoria, 111.

Towner, J. C, St. Joseph, 111.

Trovillion, Hal V., Brownfield, 111.

Turner, C. H., 137 Evans Ave., De-
Kalb, 111.

Tuthill, G. R., 136 W. Lake St.,
Chicago, 111.

Tyler, S. A., Emden, 111.

Tyner, A. P., Danvers, 111.

Valentine, Jo. H., Greenfield, 111.

Valerius, Chas., Elkville, 111.

Van Butsele, Louis, 720 N. Center
St., Collinsville, 111.

Varnes, J. F., 9111 S. Hoyne, Chi-
cago, 111.

Voight, Walter, 45 Bismark St.,

Danville, 111.
Wachter, Martin, R. 3, Box 22,

Hinsdale, 111.
Waddington, A. H., 2308 Roosevelt

Rd., Chicago, 111.

174

TWEXTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Waggoner, Oran, 620 State St., Alton,
111.

Wagner, Ernest, Batavia, 111.

Wallace, Charles, Charleston, 111.

Walter, John D., R. 1, Congerville,
111.

Watt, George, Hamilton, 111.

Webb, L. W., 1924 Sherman Ave.,
Evanston, 111.

Weeks, J. H., 825 Foster St., Evans-
ton, 111.

Weller, Arthur ,2521 N. Ridgeway
St., Chicago, 111.

Werick, W. T., Stanford, 111.

Weston, N. A., 601 Daniel, Cham-
paign, 111.

Wheeler, J. C, 622 S. Auston Blvd.,
Oak Park, 111,

Wiemer, Albert, 420 N. Plumb St.,
Havana, 111.

Wiley, B. L., Makanda, 111.

Wiley, C. H., Harrisburg, 111.

Wilke, Clarence H., Anchor, 111.

Wilke, Elmer, Anchor, 111.

Wilkey, B. R., LaGrange, 111.

Wilkie, James D., Glenwood, 111.

Williams, H. L., R. 2, Danville, 111.

Williams, R. J., Danvers, 111.
Williams, W. H., 1015 Bacon St.,
Pekin, 111.

Wilson, C. E., Homewood, 111.
Wilson, Guy, Woodhull, 111.
Wilson, Howard, Geneseo, 111.
Wingate, Jas., R. 2, De Soto, 111.
WoUcott, I. L., Normal, 111.
Wood, Dan, Chicago, 111.
Wood, J. B., Carbondale, 111.
Woody, A. L., 600 Burr Oak Ave.,

Homewood, 111.
Woolridge, J. R., 2021 W. 70th St.,

Chicago, 111.
Wright, H. J., Carbondale, 111.
Wuetig, Christian J., 118 Vermont

St., Blue Island, 111.
Yoko, T. H., R. F. D., Grape Creek,

111.

Young, J. C, R. 4, Taylorville, 111.
Young, W. C, 936 S. Lee St., Des

Plaines, 111.
Wunder, John, 8200 S. California

Ave., Chicago, 111.
Zilligen, Geo., 15030 Wood St,

Harvey, 111.

INDEX. IT-")

I

INDEX.

i

• Page.

Adams County Inspector Report 30

American Honey Producers' League 136

Associations, List of 9

Baxter, A. C 14

Beekeepers Must Organize 36

Bees and Horticulture 38

Brigham, W. B 91

Cale, G. H 126, 127

Chart Showing Relation of Stores to Brood Rearing 128

Christian County Inspector Report 29

Cost of Honey Production 76

County Inspectors' Reports 28

Cushman, Samuel 47

Dadant, C. P. . . •. 68, 105

Dadant, M. G 18, 148

Demuth, Geo. S 94, 122

Disart Apiary, P 123

Douglas County Inspector Report 30

Effect of Spraying on Bees 80

Ex-Service Men in Beekeeping 44

Food Laws on Honey in Illinois 131

Foulbrood, American 162

Foulbrood, European 166

Foulbrood Law 156

Fracker, S. B 136

Future of Illinois Beekeeping 73

Gilcrist, J. J 44

Gill, a: G 73

Grading Honey 144

Grading Rules for Fair Exhibit I59

Growing Hubam 60

Hancock County Inspector Report 31

Henry County Beekeepers are Boosters 102

Henry County Inspector Report 31

Honey Candies and Their Making 113

Honey Sandwiches 101

How to Sell Honey 133

Hubam Clover and the Honey Crop 33

Hubam Clover for the Farmer 87

Hubam Stalk 61

Illinois as a Beekeeping State and Its Prospects 148

Illinois State Beekeepers' Association 150

ITC INDEX.

Page.

Increased Efficiency of Production 97

Is the Large Hive a Dangerous Fad? 109

Jackson County Inspector Report 30

Kildow, A. L 26

King,' Geo. E 51

Kommer, Elmer 102

Langstroth, L. L 10

Latham, Allen 82, 101, 113

Laws in Illinois 152

LeStourgeon, E. G 133

Letter of Transmittal 3

List of Members 169

McLean County Field Meet 92

Marketing Honey 140

Minutes of Chicago-Northwestern Convention 23

Minutes of 1922 Meeting 11

Officers of State Association 5

Organization 41

Paddock, F. B 97

Pellett, F. C 76

Phillips, E. F 64

Popular Errors 68

President's Address 13

Rearing of Good Queens 82

Results of Organization of Cook County Beekeepers 47

Root, E. R 109, 14a

Sangamon County Inspector's Report 29

Seastream, George 22

Secretary, Report of 20

Securing Illinois Place in Beekeeping 51

Some High Points in Hubam and Honey Production 117

State Apiary Inspector Report 25

State Association Constitution and By-Laws 154

State Funds, Report of Expenditure of 19

Stores as Crop Insurance 126

Sugar Candy Inserted in Cluster , _. . . . 74

Swarming , 122

Sweet Clover in the Shock 88

The New Beekeeping 94

Treasurer, Report of 21

Wabash County Inspector Report 29

Wax Secretion 105

Welch Apiary, E. A 25

What a County Association can Accomplish 91

Why Our Association has Succeeded 102

Wilson, H. F 38, 80

Edw. Winkler with Seed Cleaner 119

Winkler, Edw. A 33, 60, 87, 117

Wintering Bees in Illinois 64

Woolridge, J. R 36

Yost, C. 41